Ma'aunin yau da kullun |
Ma'aunin rayuwa, Yanayin yau da kullum, - tsarin sauti tare da tsari (a cikin sautunan) 1-1-1 / 2-1-1-1 / 2-1-1-1 / 2-1-1, wanda ke samar da tushen tsarin Rus. . Aure-karni. kiɗa. Sunan ya fito daga "Obikhod" - tarin waƙoƙin waƙa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan al'ada. O. h. Siffar sifa ta kwata:
Trichords a cikin kowane kwata da ake kira. "yarda". Idan a cikin octave na Turai (= 8) yana da matakai bakwai (8-1), to a cikin tetrachord ("a cikin kwata") akwai uku daga cikinsu (4-1). Duk yarjejeniya suna da tsarin tazara iri ɗaya (a cikin sautuna: 1-1). Kowace yarjejeniya tana da sunanta ("mai sauƙi", "mai duhu", "mai haske", "fashe"). The quartic yanayin tsarin kuma bayyana a cikin tsarin na sunayen matakai, inda maimaitawa (watau fahimtar a matsayin melodically guda-aikin) matakai suna rabu da juna da na hudu (ƙidaya daga biyu na tsakiya concordances zuwa gefuna. sikelin). A cikin tsarin O. h. akwai abubuwan kamanceceniya da tsarin sauran Girkanci. "cikakkiyar tsarin". O. h. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da shi azaman haɗin manyan tetrachords, pentachords, hexachords a nesa na huɗu. Ƙayyadaddun O. z. - yuwuwar tazara na raguwar octave tsakanin matakan C ("tsa") da M ("mai duhu tare da crest"), haka kuma, a cikin tsarin guda ɗaya, ba tare da daidaitawa ko karkata ba (yarjejeniya a cikin tsarin O. z. suna da ma'ana iri ɗaya da ƙananan tetrachords na sama da na sama a cikin tsarin yanayin Ionian).
Misali O.z. muna samun ba kawai a cikin coci ba. kiɗa, amma kuma a cikin kiɗan jama'a (waƙar Rasha "Young Molodka, Molodka" daga tarin MA Balakirev, duba misali a cikin Art. Tsarin sauti).
A matsayin nuni na ɗaya ko ɗayan, ana samun su a cikin mawaƙa na Rasha. Makarantu (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 3rd solo na deacon daga 2nd aiki na opera The Night Kafin Kirsimeti).
A cikin yanayin polyphony (musamman a aikin mawaƙa), O. z. ya sami ma'anar tashin hankali wanda ke da haske na musamman a cikin launi, ƙwanƙwasa zuwa-rogo ya haɗa da jituwa waɗanda ba za a iya kwatanta su ba daga matsayi na yamma. manyan-kananan tsarin (ces-moll chord a cikin misali mai zuwa).
Wani lokaci O. yana amfani da h. haɗe tare da sauye-sauyen tonal, kama da ɓatanci, ko kuma yana haifar da karkacewar kanta (sau da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin raye-raye na Rasha, bisa tsarin STDT; cf. “Rawan Rasha” daga Ballet A. Khachaturian “Gayane”). A cikin kiɗa na zamani kuma yana amfani da maɗaukaki tare da raguwar octave.
Idan Stravinsky. "Sacred spring". "Kira ga Magabata".
O. h. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin kiɗan sauran mutane (misali, a cikin Kirghiz). Daidaita shi shine amfani da yanayin Mixolydian a cikin jituwa na modal na ƙarni na 16-17. (inda aka ƙara subsemitonium modilis zuwa babban ma'auni f1 - e1 - d1 - c 1 - h - a - g daga ƙasa). Siffar O. z. a cikin zamani daban-daban kuma a cikin al'adun da ba a haɗa su ba. an bayyana ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa tsarin O. z. yana nuna ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙa. frets - yanayin matakan matakan babban rajista don ragewa, da ƙananan - don ƙarawa, musamman ma lokacin da ma'auni na fret ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin kunkuntar kunkuntar. aka gyara.
References: Razumovsky D., Church rera waƙa, a Rasha ..., a'a. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Findeizen N., Rubuce-rubuce kan tarihin kiɗa a Rasha, vol. 1, M., 1928; Belyaev V., Tsohon Rubutun kiɗa na Rasha, M., 1962; Sposobin I., Lakcoci akan tafarkin jituwa, M., 1969.
Yu. N. Kholopov
