Стнислав Монюшко (Stanisław Moniuszko) |

Stanisław Moniuszko

Fitaccen mawakin Yaren mutanen Poland S. Moniuszko shine ya kirkiro wakokin wasan opera na gargajiya na kasa da wakokin murya na jam'iyya. Ayyukansa sun mamaye halayen halayen kiɗan gargajiya na Poles, Ukrainians da Belarusians. Tun lokacin yaro, Moniuszko yana da damar da za a san da labarin baƙauye na mutanen Slavic. Iyayensa suna son fasaha, suna da basirar fasaha iri-iri. Mahaifiyarsa ta koya wa yaron kiɗa, mahaifinsa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Sau da yawa ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na gida, kuma ƙaunar Stanislav ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya tashi tun lokacin yaro, ya wuce dukan rayuwarsa.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 8, Moniuszko ya tafi Warsaw - shekarun karatu sun fara. Yana ɗaukar darussa daga organist da pianist A. Freyer. A shekara ta 1830, Stanislav ya koma Minsk, inda ya shiga dakin motsa jiki kuma ya yi nazarin abun da ke ciki tare da D. Stefanovich, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayarsa ya yanke shawarar zaɓar kiɗa a matsayin sana'a.

Moniuszko ya kammala karatunsa na kiɗa a Berlin, a Kwalejin Waƙa (1837-40). Ya ƙware aikin tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, yana samun cikakken hoto game da al'adun kiɗan (na farko opera) na Turai. A cikin wadannan shekaru, na farko masu zaman kansu ayyukan bayyana: wani taro, 2 kirtani quartets, Uku songs on St. A. Mickiewicz, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1840-58. Moniuszko yana zaune a Vilna (Vilnius). Anan, nesa da manyan cibiyoyin kiɗa, ƙwarewarsa ta bayyana. Yana aiki a matsayin organist na St. John's Church (haɗin da ke tattare da waƙoƙin Ikilisiyarmu yana da alaƙa da wannan), yana yin a matsayin mai gudanarwa a wasannin kade-kade da kuma gidan wasan opera, yana rubuta labarai, yana ba da darussan piano. Daga cikin dalibansa akwai mawakin kasar Rasha C. Cui, daya daga cikin mahalarta a cikin Mighty Handful. Duk da manyan matsalolin kudi, Moniuszko yayi aiki tare da shi kyauta. Daidaiton mawaƙin ya fara bayyana kansa a cikin nau'ikan waƙa da na soyayya. A cikin 1841 an buga littafin waƙa na farko na Moniuszko (akwai 12 gaba ɗaya). Waƙoƙin da aka yi a Vilna sun shirya salon wasan operas ɗinsa na gaba.

Babban nasarar Moniuszko ita ce opera Pebble. Wannan labari ne mai ban tausayi game da wata budurwa ƴar ƙauye, mai martaba ya yaudare shi. Sahihanci da ɗumi-ɗumin waƙar, wadatar waƙar ya sanya wannan wasan opera ya shahara musamman ga 'yan sanda. An shirya "Pebble" a Vilna a cikin 1848. Nasarar ta nan da nan ya kawo suna ga mai kula da lardin. Amma kawai shekaru 10 daga baya, da opera a cikin wani sabon, muhimmanci inganta version aka shirya a Warsaw. Ranar wannan samarwa (Janairu 1, 1858) ana ɗaukar haihuwar opera na gargajiya na Poland.

A cikin 1858, Moniuszko ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje a Jamus, Faransa, da Jamhuriyar Czech (yayin da yake Weimar, ya ziyarci F. Liszt). A lokaci guda kuma, an gayyaci mawakin zuwa mukamin babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Belki (Warsaw), wanda ya rike har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa. Bugu da kari, Moniuszko farfesa ne a Cibiyar Musical (1864-72), inda ya koyar da azuzuwan a cikin abun da ke ciki, jituwa da kuma counterpoint (daga cikin dalibansa ne mawaki Z. Noskovsky). Moniuszko kuma shine marubucin Makarantar Piano da littafin koyarwa.

Wasan kwaikwayo akai-akai tare da kide-kiden marubuci a St. Petersburg ya kawo Moniuszko kusa da mawakan Rasha - shi abokin M. Gliyaki da A. Dargomyzhsky ne. Mafi kyawun aikin Moniuszko yana da alaƙa da farko tare da waɗancan nau'ikan waɗanda babban ɗan wasan Poland F. Chopin bai taɓa shi ba ko kuma bai sami babban ci gaba daga gare shi ba - tare da wasan opera da waƙa. Moniuszko ya kirkiro operas 15. Baya ga Pebbles, mafi kyawun ayyukansa sun haɗa da The Enchanted Castle (The Terrible Yard - 1865). Moniuszko sau da yawa ya juya zuwa wasan opera mai ban dariya (Yavnuta, The Timber Rafter), ballet (ciki har da Monte Cristo), operetta, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo (W. Shakespeare's Hamlet, The Robbers) F. Schiller, vaudeville na A. Fredro). Kullum yana jan hankalin mawaki da nau'in cantata ("Milda", "Niola"). A cikin shekarun baya, an halicci cantatas 3 zuwa kalmomin A. Mickiewicz: "Ghosts" (bisa ga waka mai ban mamaki "Dzyady"), "Sonets Crimean" da "Farawa Twardovskaya". Moniuszko kuma ya gabatar da wani yanki na ƙasa a cikin kiɗan coci (masu jama'a 6, 4 "Ostrobramsky litanies"), ya kafa harsashin nuna jin daɗin jama'ar Poland (shirin ya mamaye "Tatsuniyoyi", "Kain", da sauransu). Mawaƙin ya kuma rubuta kiɗan piano, wanda aka yi niyya musamman don yin kiɗan gida: polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes, litattafan rubutu guda 2 na guntu “Trinkets”.

Amma musamman mahimmanci, tare da kerawa na opera, shine nau'in waƙoƙin waƙoƙi (c. 400), wanda mawallafin ya haɗa cikin tarin - "Littattafan Waƙoƙi na Gida". Sunan su yayi magana da kansa: wannan shine kiɗa na rayuwar yau da kullum, wanda aka halitta ba kawai ga masu sana'a ba, har ma ga masu son kiɗa. “Bana kirkiro wani sabon abu ba. Ina tafiya cikin ƙasashen Poland, ina cike da ruhun waƙoƙin jama'a. Daga gare su, ba tare da son raina ba, wahayi yana zubowa a cikin duk abubuwan da na yi. A cikin waɗannan kalmomi Moniuszko ya bayyana asirin "al'umma" mai ban mamaki na kiɗansa.

K. Zankin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo - Ideal (Ideal, 1841), Carmagnola (Karmaniol, 1840), Yellow hula (Zulta szlafmyca, ca. 1842), Ruwa mai ban mamaki (Woda cudowna, 1840s), Rural idyll (Sielanka, 1843, Mutanen Espanya 1852), Pebbles ., 1, Vilnius, 1848nd ed., 2, Warsaw), Betley (comic., 1858), Timber Rafter (Flis, comic opera, 1852), Countess (Hrabina, comic., 1858), Maganar girmamawa (Verbum nobile) , 1860), Enchanted Castle (Trible Yard; Straszny dwur, 1861), Pariah (Paria, 1865); operetta - Lottery (Loteria, 1843, Minsk; 1846, Warsaw), daukar ma'aikata (Pobur rekrutуw, 1842), gwagwarmayar mawaƙa (Walka muzykуw, 1840s), Yavnuta, ko Gypsies (bugu na farko a ƙarƙashin sunan Gypsies - Cyga, 1). , Vilnius, bugu na 1850 a ƙarƙashin taken Yavnuta, 1852, Warsaw), Beata (melodrama, 2, Warsaw); ballet – Monte Cristo (1866), Jira (Na kwaterunku, 1868), Dabarar Shaiɗan (Figle szatana, 1870); Waƙar ballet don wasan operas Matan Windsor masu daɗi na O. Nicholas da Dokin Bronze na D. Aubert; don makada - Overtures Tale (Tale ta Winter; Bajka, Conte d'hiver, 1848), Kayinu, ko Mutuwar Habila (1856), Sojoji Overture, ko Ƙaunataccen Hetman (Uwertura wojenna albo Kochanka hetmanska, 1857), Concert Polonaise (Polonez koncertowy) ; ga muryoyi da makada - cantatas Milda (1848), Niola (1852), Krumine (ba a gama ba, 1852) - a gaba. Yu. Kraszewski, Madonna (1856), Fatalwa (Widma, 1865), Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1868), Pani Tvardovskaya (1869), 6 talakawa (ciki har da Petrovinskaya), 4 Ostrobramsky litanies (Litanie ostrobramskie -1843); dakin kayan aiki ensembles - 2 igiyoyi. quartet (har zuwa 1840); don piano (kimanin wasan kwaikwayo 50) - Baubles (Fraszki, 2 litattafan wasan kwaikwayo, 1843), 6 polonaises, waltzes, mazurkas; ga gabobi – Waƙoƙin cocinmu (Piesni naszego kosciola), ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wok. ƙungiyoyi; don murya da piano - St. 400 song; kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo - don vaudeville: A. Fredro "Dare a cikin Apennines" (1839), "The New Don Quixote, ko Daya ɗari Madnesses" (1842, post. 1923), zuwa post. "Hamlet" da "Dan kasuwa na Venice" na Shakespeare, "Robbers" na Schiller, "Carpathian Highlanders" na Kozhenevsky, "Lilly Venedy" na Y. Slovatsky.