Sonata |

ital. sonata, daga sonare - don sauti

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'o'in solo ko chamber-ensemble instr. kiɗa. Classic S., a matsayin mai mulkin, yawancin sassan samarwa. tare da matsanancin matsanancin sassa (na farko - a cikin abin da ake kira sonata nau'i) da jinkirin tsakiya; Wani lokaci ana haɗa minuet ko scherzo a cikin zagayowar. Ban da tsoffin nau'ikan (trio sonata), S., ya bambanta da wasu nau'ikan ɗakuna (trio, quartet, quintet, da sauransu), bai ƙunshi masu wasan kwaikwayo sama da 2 ba. An kafa waɗannan ka'idoji a zamanin classicism (duba makarantar gargajiya ta Vienna).

Bayyanar kalmar "S." tun daga lokacin da aka samu 'yancin kai. ciki nau'o'i. Da farko, ana kiran S. wok. guda da kayan aiki ko da kansu. ciki yana aiki, wanda, duk da haka, har yanzu suna da alaƙa da wok. yadda ake rubutu kuma sun kasance preim. sauki wok kwafi. yin wasa. A matsayin instr. yana kunna kalmar "S." samu riga a cikin 13th karni. Mafi yadu da ake kira "sonata" ko "sonado" ya fara amfani da shi kawai a zamanin Late Renaissance (karni na 16) a Spain a cikin decomp. tablature (misali, a El Maestro na L. Milan, 1535; a Sila de Sirenas na E. Valderrabano, 1547), sannan a Italiya. Sau da yawa akwai suna biyu. - canzona da sonar ko canzona per sonare (misali, y H. Vicentino, A. Bankieri da sauransu).

Da con. Karni na 16 a Italiya (shugaba arr. a cikin aikin F. Maskera), fahimtar kalmar "S." a matsayin nadi na instr mai zaman kansa. wasa (kamar yadda ya saba wa cantata kamar wok. wasa). A lokaci guda, musamman a cikin con. 16- roqo. Karni na 17, kalmar "S." An yi amfani da shi zuwa mafi bambancin tsari da aiki instr. kasidu. Wani lokaci ana kiran S. instr. sassan ayyukan coci (lakabi "Alla devozione" - "A cikin halin kirki" ko "Graduale" a cikin sonatas na Banchieri suna lura, sunan ɗayan ayyukan a cikin wannan nau'in ta K. Monteverdi shine "Sonata sopra Sancta Maria" – “Sonata-liturgy of the Virgin Mary”), da kuma opera overtures (misali, gabatarwar MA Honor ta opera The Golden Apple, kira ta S. – Il batsa d’oro, 1667). Na dogon lokaci babu wani takamaiman bambanci tsakanin sunayen "S.", "Symphony" da "concert". Zuwa farkon karni na 17 (Farkon Baroque), an kafa nau'ikan S. guda biyu: sonata da chiesa (coci. S.) da sonata da kamara (chamber, gaba S.). A karon farko ana samun waɗannan sunayen a cikin "Canzoni, overo sonate concertate per chiesa e camera" na T. Merula (2). Sonata da chiesa sun fi dogaro da yawan sautin murya. nau'i, sonata da kamara an bambanta ta wurin fifikon ɗakin ajiya na homophonic da kuma dogara ga rawar rawa.

A farkon. Karni na 17 abin da ake kira. trio sonata ga 'yan wasa 2 ko 3 tare da basso continuo rakiyar. Siffa ce ta wucin gadi daga polyphony na karni na 16. zuwa solo S. 17-18 ƙarni. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo. abubuwan haɗin S. a wannan lokacin babban wurin yana shagaltar da igiyoyi. kidan ruku'u da manyan waqoqinsu. dama.

A cikin bene na 2. Karni na 17 akwai dabi'ar tarwatsewar S. zuwa sassa (yawanci 3-5). An raba su da juna ta hanyar layi biyu ko na musamman. Zagayen kashi 5 yana wakiltar sonatas da yawa ta G. Legrenzi. Ban da haka, ana samun sashe guda S. (a cikin Sat: Sonate da organo di varii autori, ed. Arresti). Mafi yawan al'ada shine zagaye na 4 tare da jerin sassa: jinkirin - sauri - jinkirin - sauri (ko: sauri - jinkiri - sauri - sauri). 1st jinkirin sashi - gabatarwa; yawanci yana dogara ne akan kwaikwayo (wani lokaci na ɗakin ajiyar homophonic), yana da haɓakawa. hali, sau da yawa ya haɗa da ɗigon kari; Sashi na 2 mai sauri shine fugue, kashi na 3 a hankali shine homophonic, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin ruhun sarabande; ya kammala. bangaren sauri shima fugue ne. Sonata da kamara wani binciken raye-raye ne na kyauta. dakuna, kamar suite: allemande - courant - sarabande - gigue (ko gavotte). Ana iya ƙara wannan makirci da wasu raye-raye. sassa.

Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin ma'anar sonata da kamara da sunan. - "suite", "partita", "Faransa. overture”, “oda”, da sauransu. Karni na 17 a Jamus akwai samfurori. gauraye nau'i, hada da kaddarorin biyu iri S. (D. Becker, I. Rosenmüller, D. Buxtehude, da sauransu). Zuwa coci. S. shiga sassan da ke kusa da yanayi don rawa (gigue, minuet, gavotte), a cikin ɗakin - sassan da aka riga aka tsara daga coci. S. Wani lokaci wannan ya haifar da cikakkiyar haɗuwa na nau'i biyu (GF Teleman, A. Vivaldi).

Ana haɗa sassan a cikin S. ta hanyar jigogi. haɗi (musamman tsakanin ƙananan sassa, alal misali, a cikin C. op. 3 No 2 Corelli), tare da taimakon tsarin tonal mai jituwa (matsananciyar sassa a cikin babban maɓalli, sassan tsakiya a cikin sakandare), wani lokaci tare da taimako na ƙirar shirin (S. "Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki" Kunau).

A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 17 tare da trio sonatas, matsayi mai mahimmanci yana shagaltar da S. don violin - kayan aiki wanda ke fuskantar furanni na farko da mafi girma a wannan lokacin. Salon skr. An haɓaka S. a cikin aikin G. Torelli, J. Vitali, A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, J. Tartini. Yawan mawaƙa suna da bene na 1. Ƙarni na 18 (JS Bach, GF Teleman da sauransu) akwai halin haɓaka sassa kuma rage yawan su zuwa 2 ko 3 - yawanci saboda kin amincewa da ɗayan sassan 2 na jinkirin coci. S. (misali, IA Sheibe). Alamu na dan lokaci da yanayin sassan sun zama cikakkun bayanai ("Andante", "Grazioso", "Affettuoso", "Allegro ma non troppo", da dai sauransu). S. don violin tare da ɓangaren haɓaka na clavier ya fara bayyana a JS Bach. Suna "DAGA." dangane da guntun solo clavier, I. Kunau ne ya fara amfani da shi.

A farkon zamanin gargajiya (tsakiyar karni na 18) S. an san shi a hankali a matsayin mafi arziƙi kuma mafi rikitarwa nau'in kiɗan ɗakin. A cikin 1775, IA Schultz ya ayyana S. a matsayin nau'i wanda "ya ƙunshi dukkan haruffa da dukkan maganganu." DG Türk ya lura a cikin 1789: "A cikin ɓangarorin da aka rubuta don clavier, sonata da gaskiya ta mamaye wuri na farko." A cewar FW Marpurg, a cikin S. dole ne "akwai guda uku ko hudu a jere a lokaci guda da aka ba da su ta hanyar zane, misali, Allegro, Adagio, Presto, da dai sauransu." Piano clavier yana motsawa zuwa gaba, dangane da sabon piano-aiki mai guduma. (daya daga cikin samfurori na farko - S. op. 8 Avison, 1764), da kuma ga harpsichord ko clavichord (ga wakilan makarantun Arewa da Tsakiyar Jamus - WF Bach, KFE Bach, KG Nefe , J. Benda, EV Wolf da wasu - clavichord ya kasance kayan aiki da aka fi so). Al'adar rakiyar C. basso continuo yana mutuwa. Wani matsakaicin nau'in piano na clavier yana yaduwa, tare da zaɓi na zaɓi ɗaya ko biyu wasu kayan kida, galibi violin ko wasu kayan kida (sonatas na C. Avison, I. Schobert, da wasu sonatas na farko na WA ​​Mozart), musamman a Paris da London. S. an halicce su don classic. biyu abun da ke ciki tare da wajibcin sa hannu na clavier da c.-l. kayan yaji (violin, sarewa, cello, da dai sauransu). Daga cikin samfurori na farko - S. op. 3 Giardini (1751), S. op. 4 Pellegrini (1759).

Fitowar sabon nau'i na S. an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar sauyawa daga polyphonic. fugue sito zuwa homophonic. Sonata allegro na gargajiya yana da ƙarfi musamman a cikin sonatas ɗaya na D. Scarlatti da kuma a cikin 3-partan sonatas na CFE Bach, da kuma na zamani - B. Pasquini, PD Paradisi da sauransu. Ayyukan mafi yawan mawaƙa na wannan galaxy an manta da su, kawai sonatas ta D. Scarlatti da CFE Bach suna ci gaba da yin su. D. Scarlatti ya rubuta fiye da 500 S. (sau da yawa ana kiransa Essercizi ko guda don garaya); an bambanta su ta hanyar cikar su, gamawar filigree, nau'ikan siffofi da iri. KFE Bach ya kafa classic. tsarin tsarin 3-part S. sake zagayowar (duba Sonata-cyclic form). A cikin aikin masters na Italiyanci, musamman GB Sammartini, sau da yawa ya sami sake zagayowar kashi 2: Allegro - Menuetto.

Ma'anar kalmar "S." a farkon lokacin gargajiya ba gaba ɗaya barga. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman sunan instr. wasan kwaikwayo (J. Carpani). A Ingila, S. ana yawan gano shi da "Lesson" (S. Arnold, op. 7) da solo sonata, wato, S. don karin waƙa. kayan aiki (violin, cello) tare da basso continuo (P. Giardini, op.16), a Faransa - tare da wani yanki don harpsichord (JJC Mondonville, op. 3), a Vienna - tare da rarrabawa (GK Wagenseil, J. Haydn), a Milan - tare da dare (GB Sammartini, JK Bach). Wani lokaci ana amfani da kalmar sonata da kamara (KD Dittersdorf). Na ɗan lokaci ecclesiastical S. shima yana riƙe da mahimmancinsa (17 sonatas na ecclesiastical na Mozart). Har ila yau, hadisai na Baroque suna nunawa a cikin yalwar kayan ado na karin waƙa (Benda), da kuma gabatarwar virtuoso sassa na alama (M. Clementi), a cikin siffofi na sake zagayowar, alal misali. a cikin sonatas na F. Durante, ɓangaren fugue na farko sau da yawa yana adawa da na biyu, an rubuta a cikin halin gigue. Haɗin kai tare da tsohuwar suite kuma yana bayyana a cikin amfani da minuet don tsakiyar ko sassan ƙarshe na S. (Wagenseil).

Jigogi na gargajiya na farko. S. sau da yawa yana riƙe da fasalulluka na polyphony. sito, da bambanci, alal misali, zuwa wani symphony tare da halayyar homophonic thematicism a cikin wannan lokaci, saboda sauran tasiri a kan ci gaban da Genre (da farko da tasiri na opera music). Na al'ada classic. A ƙarshe S. ya ɗauki siffar a cikin ayyukan J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, M. Clementi. Zagayowar kashi 3 tare da matsananciyar motsi mai sauri da jinkirin sashin tsakiya ya zama na al'ada ga S. (ya bambanta da wasan kwaikwayo tare da sake zagayowar sashe 4 na al'ada). Wannan tsarin zagayowar yana komawa tsohuwar C. da chiesa da solo instr. baroque concert. Babban wuri a cikin zagayowar yana shagaltar da sashi na 1st. Kusan koyaushe ana rubuta shi cikin sigar sonata, mafi haɓakar duk instr na gargajiya. siffofin. Hakanan akwai keɓancewa: misali, a fp. Mozart's sonata A-dur (K.-V. 331) kashi na farko an rubuta shi da nau'i na bambancin, a cikin nasa C. Es-dur (K.-V. 282) kashi na farko shine adagio. Kashi na biyu ya bambanta sosai da na farko saboda jinkirin taki, waƙa da kuma halin tunani. Wannan bangare yana ba da damar samun 'yanci mafi girma a cikin zaɓin tsarin: yana iya amfani da nau'i mai mahimmanci na 3, nau'in sonata da gyare-gyare daban-daban (ba tare da ci gaba ba, tare da wani labari), da dai sauransu. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da minuet a matsayin sashi na biyu (don). misali, C. Es- dur, K.-V. 282, A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart, C-dur na Haydn). Motsi na uku, yawanci mafi sauri a cikin zagayowar (Presto, allegro vivace da kusancin lokaci), yana kusantar motsi na farko tare da halayen sa. Mafi kyawun nau'i na wasan ƙarshe shine rondo da rondo sonata, ƙasa da sau da yawa bambancin (C. Es-dur na violin da piano, K.-V. 481 na Mozart; C. A-dur na piano ta Haydn). Akwai, duk da haka, kuma ƙetare daga irin wannan tsarin na sake zagayowar: daga 52 fp. Haydn's sonatas 3 (farkon) kashi huɗu ne kuma 8 kashi biyu ne. Irin wannan hawan keke kuma halayen wasu skr ne. sonata ta Mozart.

A cikin classic lokaci a tsakiyar hankali ne S. ga piano, wanda ko'ina ya kau da tsohon iri kirtani. kayan aikin madannai. Hakanan ana amfani da S. don lalatawa. kayan aiki tare da fp., musamman Skr. S. (misali, Mozart ya mallaki 47 skr. C).

Salon S. ya kai kololuwar sa tare da Beethoven, wanda ya ƙirƙiri 32 fp., 10 scr. da 5 cello S. A cikin aikin Beethoven, abun ciki na alama yana wadatar, wasan kwaikwayo na kunshe. karo, rikici ya fara kaifafa. Da yawa daga cikin S. sun kai ga girman girman. Tare da gyare-gyaren nau'i da ƙaddamar da magana, halayyar fasaha na classicism, Beethoven's sonatas kuma yana nuna siffofi waɗanda daga baya suka karbe su kuma suka haɓaka ta hanyar mawaƙa na soyayya. Beethoven yakan rubuta S. a cikin nau'i na sake zagayowar kashi 4, yana sake haifar da jerin sassan wasan kwaikwayo da quartet: sonata allegro shine jinkirin lyric. motsi - minuet (ko scherzo) - ƙarshe (misali S. don piano op. 2 No 1, 2, 3, op. 7, op. 28). Sassan tsakiya wani lokaci ana shirya su a juzu'i, wani lokacin jinkirin waƙoƙi. Ana maye gurbin ɓangaren da wani sashi a ƙarin ɗan lokaci na wayar hannu (alegretto). Irin wannan sake zagayowar zai yi tushe a cikin S. na mawakan soyayya da yawa. Beethoven kuma yana da 2-part S. (S. for pianoforte op. 54, op. 90, op. 111), kazalika da soloist tare da free jerin sassa (motsi bambancin - scherzo - jana'izar Maris - karshe a piano. C op. 26; op. C. quasi una fantasia op. 27 No 1 and 2; C. op. 31 No 3 with a scherzo a 2nd place and a minuet in 3rd). A cikin S. na ƙarshe na Beethoven, dabi'ar kusanci da zagayowar zagayowar da kuma 'yancin yin fassararsa yana ƙaruwa. Ana gabatar da haɗin kai tsakanin sassan, ana yin sauye-sauye na ci gaba daga wannan bangare zuwa wani, sassan fugue sun haɗa da sake zagayowar (ƙarshen S. op. 101, 106, 110, fugato a cikin kashi na 1 na S. op. 111). Sashi na farko wani lokaci yana rasa matsayinsa na jagora a cikin sake zagayowar, ƙarshen yakan zama cibiyar nauyi. Akwai abubuwan tunawa da batutuwan da aka buga a baya a cikin decomp. sassa na sake zagayowar (S. op. 101, 102 No 1). Yana nufin A cikin sonatas na Beethoven, jinkirin gabatarwa ga ƙungiyoyin farko suma sun fara taka rawa (op. 13, 78, 111). Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Beethoven suna da alaƙa da abubuwa na software, waɗanda suka shahara sosai a cikin kiɗan mawaƙan soyayya. Misali, sassa 3 na S. don piano. op. 81a suna. "Bakwai", "Rarraba" da "Dawowa".

Matsayin matsakaici tsakanin classicism da romanticism suna shagaltar da sonatas na F. Schubert da KM Weber. Dangane da zagayowar sonata mai kashi 4 na Beethoven (da wuya kashi 3), waɗannan mawaƙan suna amfani da wasu sabbin hanyoyin bayyanawa a cikin abubuwan da suka tsara. Wasan kwaikwayo na waƙa suna da matuƙar mahimmanci. farkon, abubuwan waƙoƙin jama'a (musamman a cikin sassan sassa na hawan keke). Lyric Hali ya bayyana a fili a fp. sonata ta Schubert.

A cikin aikin mawaƙa na soyayya, ƙarin haɓakawa da sauye-sauye na kiɗan gargajiya suna faruwa. (yawancin Beethoven's) nau'in S., yana cika shi da sabbin hotuna. Halaye shine mafi girman keɓantawar fassarar nau'in, fassararsa a cikin ruhin soyayya. waka. S. a wannan lokacin yana riƙe da matsayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan instr. kiɗa, ko da yake an ɗan ture shi da ƙananan sifofi (misali, waƙar da ba ta da kalmomi, nocturne, prelude, etude, halayen halayen). F. Mendelssohn, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, da sauransu sun ba da babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban girgizar ƙasa. Abubuwan da suka haɗar girgizar ƙasa suna bayyana sabbin yuwuwar nau'ikan don nuna al'amuran rayuwa da rikice-rikice. Bambance-bambancen hotunan S. yana kaifi duka a cikin sassan da kuma alaƙar su da juna. Sha'awar mawaƙa don ƙarin jigo kuma yana shafar. hadin kai na sake zagayowar, ko da yake a general romantics manne da classic. 3-bangare (misali, S. don pianoforte op. 6 da 105 na Mendelssohn, S. don violin da pianoforte op. 78 da 100 ta Brahms) da 4-bangare (misali, S. don pianoforte op. 4, 35). da 58 Chopin, S. na Schumann) hawan keke. Wasu jerin jeri na FP an bambanta su ta asali mai girma a cikin fassarar sassan sake zagayowar. Brahms (S. op. 2, kashi biyar S. op. 5). Tasirin soyayya. shayari take kaiwa zuwa ga fitowan daya-sashe S. (na farko samfurori - 2 S. ga pianoforte na Liszt). Dangane da ma'auni da 'yancin kai, sassan sonata sun kasance a cikin su suna kusanci sassan sake zagayowar, suna samar da abin da ake kira. zagayowar bangare daya zagaye ne na ci gaba da ci gaba, tare da layukan da ba su da kyau tsakanin sassa.

Na fp. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan haɗin kai a cikin sonatas na Liszt shine shirye-shirye: tare da hotuna na Dante's Divine Comedy, S. "Bayan karanta Dante" ('yancin tsarinsa yana jaddada 'yancin tsarinsa da sunan Fantasia quasi Sonata), tare da hotunan Goethe's Faust - S. h-moll (1852-53).

A cikin aikin Brahms da Grieg, sanannen wuri yana shagaltar da violin S. Zuwa mafi kyawun misalai na nau'in S. a cikin soyayya. kiɗan na sonata A-dur ne na violin da piano. S. Frank, da kuma 2 S. don cello da piano. Brahms Ana kuma ƙirƙira kayan aiki don sauran kayan aikin.

A cikin con. 19- roqo. Karni na 20 S. a cikin kasashen Yamma. Turai na fama da rikicin da aka sani. Sonatas na V. d'Andy, E. McDowell, K. Shimanovsky suna da ban sha'awa, masu zaman kansu cikin tunani da harshe.

Babban adadin S. don decomp. M. Reger ne ya rubuta kayan kida. Abin sha'awa na musamman shine 2 S. ga gabobinsa, wanda a cikinsa aka bayyana mawaƙan daidaitawa zuwa na gargajiya. hadisai. Reger kuma ya mallaki 4 S. na cello da pianoforte, 11 S. don pianoforte. Ƙaunar shirye-shirye shine halayyar aikin sonata na McDowell. Duk 4 na S. na fp. subtitles ne na shirin ("Masifu", 1893; "Jarumi", 1895; "Norwegian", 1900; "Celtic", 1901). Ƙananan mahimmanci sune sonatas na K. Saint-Saens, JG Reinberger, K. Sinding da sauransu. Ƙoƙarin rayar da al'ada a cikin su. ka'idoji ba su ba da sakamako mai gamsarwa na fasaha ba.

Salon S. yana samun siffofi na musamman a farkon. Karni na 20 a cikin kiɗan Faransa. Daga Faransanci G. Fauré, P. Duke, C. Debussy (S. don violin da piano, S. don cello da piano, S. don sarewa, viola, da garaya) da M. Ravel (S. don violin da pianoforte) , S. don violin da cello, sonata don pianoforte). Waɗannan mawaƙan sun cika S. tare da sababbi, gami da ra'ayi. kwatanta, hanyoyin asali na bayyanawa (amfani da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, wadatar ma'anar modal-jituwa).

A cikin aikin mawaƙan Rasha na ƙarni na 18 da 19 S. ba su mamaye wani wuri mai mahimmanci ba. Salon S. a wannan lokacin ana wakilta ta gwaje-gwajen mutum ɗaya. Irin waɗannan su ne kayan kida na cembalo na DS Bortnyansky, da na IE Khandoshkin na kida na solo violin da bass, waɗanda a cikin sifofinsu na salo suna kusa da kayan kida na gargajiya na Yammacin Turai. da viola (ko violin) MI Glinka (1828), dorewa a cikin na gargajiya. ruhu, amma tare da innation. jam'iyyun da ke da alaƙa da Rasha. kashi na jama'a-waƙa. An san fasalin ƙasa a cikin S. na fitattun mutanen zamanin Glinka, da farko AA Alyabyeva (S. don violin tare da piano, 1834). Def. AG Rubinshtein, marubucin 4 S. don piano, ya biya haraji ga nau'in S. (1859-71) da 3 S. don violin da piano. (1851-76), S. don viola da piano. (1855) da kuma 2 shafi. don cello da piano. (1852-57). Musamman mahimmanci ga ci gaban nau'in nau'in jinsin a cikin Rashanci. kiɗa yana da S. don piano. op. 37 PI Tchaikovsky, da kuma 2 S. don piano. AK Glazunov, yana jan hankalin al'adar "babban" romantic S.

A farkon karni na 19 da na 20. sha'awa a cikin nau'in S. y rus. mawaƙa sun karu sosai. Shafi mai haske a cikin ci gaban nau'in sune FP. sonatas ta AN Scriabin. A hanyoyi da yawa, ci gaba da soyayya. hadisai (gravitation zuwa programmability, da hadin kai na sake zagayowar), Scriabin ba su mai zaman kanta, warai asali magana. Sabon sabon abu da asali na Scriabin's sonata kerawa suna bayyana duka a cikin sigar alama da kuma cikin kiɗan. harshe, kuma a cikin fassarar nau'in. Halin shirye-shirye na sonatas Scriabin shine falsafa da alama. hali. Siffar su ta samo asali ne daga zagayowar sassa na al'ada (1st - 3rd S.) zuwa sashi ɗaya (5th - 10th S.). Tuni Scriabin's sonata na 4, duka sassan biyu suna da alaƙa da juna, suna fuskantar nau'in pianoforte mai motsi guda ɗaya. wakoki. Ba kamar sonatas motsi ɗaya na Liszt ba, sonatas na Scriabin ba su da fasali na nau'in hawan keke na motsi ɗaya.

S. an sabunta shi sosai a cikin aikin NK Medtner, to-rum na 14fp. S. da 3 S. don violin da piano. Medtner yana faɗaɗa iyakokin nau'ikan, yana zana sifofin wasu nau'ikan, galibi na shirye-shirye ko halayen lyric ("Sonata-elegy" op. 11, "Sonata-remembrance" op. 38, "Sonata-fairy tale" op. 25 , "Sonata-ballad" op. 27). Wuri na musamman yana shagaltar da shi ta “Sonata-vocalise” op. 41.

SV Rachmaninov in 2 fp. S. musamman tasowa hadisai na babban romantic. C. Wani sanannen lamari a cikin harshen Rashanci. rayuwar kiɗa ta fara. Karfe na 20th 2 na farko S. don fp. N. Ya. Myaskovsky, musamman kashi na biyu na S., ya ba da kyautar Glinkin.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa na karni na 20, amfani da sabbin hanyoyin magana yana canza bayyanar nau'in. Anan, 6 C. suna nuni don lalatawa. kayan kida na B. Bartok, na asali a cikin rhythm da fasali na modal, yana nuna sha'awar sabunta masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ƙungiyoyin (S. don 2 fp. da percussion). Wannan sabon yanayin kuma yana biye da wasu mawaƙa (S. don ƙaho, ƙaho, da trombone, F. Poulenc da sauransu). Ana ƙoƙarin farfado da wasu nau'ikan pre-classic. S. (6 organ sonatas na P. Hindemith, solo S. don viola da kuma violin ta E. Krenek da sauran ayyukan). Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na fassarar neoclassical na nau'in - 2nd S. don piano. Idan Stravinsky (1924). Yana nufin wuri a cikin kiɗa na zamani yana shagaltar da sonatas na A. Honegger (6 C. don kayan kida daban-daban), Hindemith (c. 30 C. kusan duk kayan kida).

Fitattun misalai na fassarorin zamani na nau'in nau'in mujiya ne suka kirkiro su. mawaƙa, da farko SS Prokofiev (9 don piano, 2 don violin, cello). Matsayi mafi mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban S. na zamani ya taka ta FP. sonatas da Prokofiev. Dukkan kerawa yana bayyana a fili a cikinsu. hanyar mawaƙa - daga haɗin kai tare da romantic. samfurori (1st, 3rd C.) zuwa hikima balaga (8th C). Prokofiev ya dogara da classic. ka'idojin zagaye na 3- da 4 (ban da kashi ɗaya na 1st da 3rd C). Tsarin gargajiya. da preclassic. ka'idodin tunani suna nunawa a cikin amfani da raye-raye na da. nau'ikan ƙarni na 17-18. (gavotte, minuet), nau'ikan toccata, da kuma a cikin fayyace sassan sassan. Koyaya, abubuwan asali sun mamaye, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwaƙƙwaran wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, sabon salo na waƙa da jituwa, da kuma halayen piano na musamman. nagarta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kololuwa na aikin mawaki shine "sonata triad" na shekarun yakin (6th - 8th shafi, 1939-44), wanda ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo. rikici na hotuna tare da na gargajiya. tacewa form.

DD Shostakovich (2 don piano, violin, viola, da cello) da AN Aleksandrov (piano 14 don piano) sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓaka kiɗan piano. FP kuma sananne ne. sonatas da sonatas ta DB Kablevsky, sonata ta AI Khachaturian.

A cikin 50s - 60s. Sabbin abubuwan al'ajabi sun bayyana a fagen sonata kerawa. S. ya bayyana, ba ya ƙunshi sashi ɗaya a cikin sake zagayowar a cikin tsarin sonata kuma kawai aiwatar da wasu ƙa'idodin sonata. Irin waɗannan su ne S. don FP. P. Boulez, "Sonata da Interlude" don piano "shirya". J. Cage. Marubutan waɗannan ayyukan suna fassara S. galibi a matsayin instr. wasa. Misali na yau da kullun na wannan shine C. na cello da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta K. Pendeecki. Irin wannan yanayin ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan mujiyoyi da yawa. mawaƙa (piano sonatas na BI Tishchenko, TE Mansuryan, da sauransu).

References: Gunet E., Sonata goma na Scriabin, "RMG", 1914, No 47; Kotler N., Sonata h-moll na Liszt a cikin hasken kyawunsa, "SM", 1939, No 3; Kremlev Yu. A., Beethoven's piano sonatas, M., 1953; Druskin M., Clavier music na Spain, Ingila, Netherlands, Faransa, Italiya, Jamus na 1960-1961 ƙarni, L., 1962; Kholopova V., Kholopov Yu., Piano Sonatas na Prokofiev, M., 1962; Ordzhonikidze G., Piano Sonatas na Prokofiev, M., 1; Popova T., Sonata, M., 1966; Lavrentieva I., marigayi sonatas na Beethoven, a cikin Sat. A: Tambayoyin Sigar Kiɗa, vol. 1970, M., 2; Rabey V., Sonatas da partitas na JS Bach na violin solo, M., 1972; Pavchinsky S. 1972, M., 1973; Schnittke A., A kan wasu fasalulluka na ƙirƙira a cikin hawan keke na sonata na Prokofiev, a cikin: S. Prokofiev. Sonatas da bincike, M., 13; Meskhishvili E., A kan wasan kwaikwayo na sonatas Scriabin, a cikin tarin: AN Skryabin, M., 1974; Petrash A., Solo bow sonata da suite a gaban Bach da kuma a cikin ayyukan zamaninsa, a cikin: Tambayoyi na Ka'idar da Aesthetics of Music, vol. 36, L., 1978; Sakharova G., A asalin sonata, a cikin: Features na samuwar sonata, "Tsarin GMPI im. Gnesins", vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

Duba kuma kunna. zuwa labarin Sonata form, Sonata-cyclic form, Musical form.

VB Valkova