Roman makaranta |
Roman makaranta - sunan kwatancen ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɓaka a Roma a cikin ƙarni na 16-17.
1) R. sh. a cikin polyphonic. wok. kiɗa ne m. makaranta, wanda aka kafa a rabi na biyu. Karni na 2 karkashin jagorancin Palestrina. Mabiyansa a farkon karni na 16 sune JM da JB Nanino, F. da JF Anerio, F. Soriano. Don R. sh. Halayen shine fifikon nau'ikan ruhaniya (a cappella a cikin gabatarwar polyphonic) - talakawa, motets. Mawakan Roman ma sun rubuta madrigals. Polyphonic salon makarantar (abin da ake kira tsattsauran salon) ya bambanta ta hanyar tsarkinsa, m melodic. Lines, consonance, gano jituwa. fara a cikin sautin murya. hade da muryoyin. ƙin karin waƙa. 'yanci da kuma jaddada bayyanawa, daga chromaticisms, hadaddun rhythms, jituwa. taurin kai, wakilan R. sh. halitta samarwa. mai ni'ima mai zaman lafiya, mai tunani, mai girma, cike da motsin rai. Waɗannan Op. ya cika buƙatun Ikklisiya na Katolika a lokacin Counter-Reformation. A lokaci guda, suka shirya, tare da sauran igiyoyin con music. Karni na 17, canzawa daga yawan magana zuwa jituwa. A nan gaba, R. sh. gurgujewa zuwa tafarkin Ikilisiya na ilimi. ƙungiyar mawaƙa. kiɗan cappella kuma ya rasa ma'anar sa.
2) R. sh. a cikin opera, ɗaya daga cikin makarantun opera na farko a Italiya, wanda ya fito a cikin 20s da 30s. Karni na 17 An zayyana layi biyu a cikinsa: wani gagarumin wasan opera irin na baroque (farawa da wasan opera The Chain of Adonis na D. Mazzocchi, 1626) da kuma wasan ban dariya mai ɗabi'a, kusa da commedia dell'arte (Bari Wahala Hope by V. Mazzocchi da M. Marazzoli, akan makircin daga Decameron ta Boccaccio, 1639). Babban wakilin R. sh. kwamfuta ce. S. Landi (mafi kyawun wasan opera - "St. Alexei", 1632), a cikin prod. to-rogo sun haɗe zuwa wani ƙayyadaddun halaye biyun. Wasan operas na Lundy sun haɗu da gaske na ban mamaki, har ma da ban tausayi. yanayi, Kristi. moralizing, fantasy da rayuwar yau da kullum. Wani ma fi ban mamaki cakuda na Kristi. halin ɗabi'a da nau'in verisimilitude shine halayen wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya na Roman. nau'in. Godiya ga ci gaban nau'ikan al'amuran (misali, yanayin gaskiya), sabbin abubuwa na kiɗa sun bayyana a cikin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayon. stylists - colloquial, tare da ɗan goyon baya ga mawaƙa, recitatives (recitativo secco), waƙoƙi, nau'i na mawaƙa. A lokaci guda a cikin opera na Roman, rawar da tashin farko (bayanin motsin rai mai ban mamaki) ya karu. L. Vittori (opera Galatea, 1639), M. Rossi (Erminia, 1637) su ma sun yi fice a cikin mawakan. Ci gaban opera a Roma a cikin karni na 17 ya faru a cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske kuma ya dogara ne akan halin mutum ɗaya ko wani Paparoma: operatic t-ru ko dai ya kasance mai kula da shi (Urban VIII Barberini, Clement IX Rospigliosi), ko kuma an tsananta masa. (fafaroma Innocent X da Innocent XII). An gina gine-ginen T-ditch ko dai an lalata su. Hadisai R. sh. sannan wani bangare ya koma Venice kuma ya ci gaba anan cikin wasu al'ummomi. yanayi.
References: Ademollo A., I teatri di Roma nel secolo decimosettimo, Roma, 1888; Goldschmidt H., Nazarin Tarihin Opera na Italiyanci a cikin XVII. Karni, Vol 1, Lpz., 1901; Rolland R., L'opera au XVII siиcle en Italie, в кн.: Encyclopйdie de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire… fondateur A. Lavignac, partie I, (aya 2), P., 1913 (рус. пер. - в кн.: Роллан Р., Опера в XVII в. в Италии, Германии, Англии, М., 1931), Ridder L. de, Rabon Comedia dell'Arte a cikin tarihin asali da ci gaban comic opera, Cologne, 1970 (Diss.).
TH Solovieva
