Dynamics |
Dynamics (daga dynamixos na Girkanci - samun iko, daga dunamis - ƙarfi) a cikin kiɗa - saitin abubuwan mamaki masu alaƙa da decomp. digiri na ƙarar sauti, da kuma koyaswar waɗannan abubuwan mamaki. Kalmar “D.”, sananne tun zamanin da. falsafa, aro daga rukunan makanikai; a fili, an fara gabatar da shi ga muses. ka'idar da aiki na Swiss. malamin waka XG Negeli (1810). D. ya dogara ne akan yin amfani da rushewar sauti. matakin ƙarar ƙararrawa, bambancin adawarsu ko canji a hankali. Babban nau'ikan nau'ikan zane-zane masu ƙarfi: forte (wanda aka rage f) - da ƙarfi, ƙarfi; piano (p) - shiru, rauni; mezzo forte (mf) - matsakaici mai ƙarfi; mezzo piano (mp) - matsakaici shiru; fortissimo (ff) - pianissimo mai ƙarfi sosai (pp) - mai shuru forte-fortissimo (fff) - tsananin ƙarfi; piano-pianissimo (ppr) – shuru sosai. Duk waɗannan matakan ƙarar sauti na dangi ne, ba cikakke ba, ma'anar abin da ke cikin filin wasan kwaikwayo; cikakken darajar kowannensu ya dogara da dalilai da yawa - mai ƙarfi. iyawar kayan aiki (murya) ko tarin kayan kida (muryoyin), sauti. fasalulluka na ɗakin, fassarar aikin aiki, da sauransu. Ƙarar hankali a cikin sauti - crescendo (hoton hoto
); raguwa a hankali - raguwa ko raguwa (
). Canji mai kaifi, kwatsam a cikin launi mai ƙarfi ana nuna shi ta kalmar subito. Piano subito - canji kwatsam daga ƙara zuwa shiru, forte subito - shiru zuwa ƙara. Zuwa inuwa mai ƙarfi sun haɗa da bambanta. nau'ikan lafazin (duba Lafazin) masu alaƙa da rabon otd. sautuna da baƙaƙe, wanda kuma ya shafi awo.
D. shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar kiɗa. maganganu. Kamar chiaroscuro a cikin zanen, D. yana iya haifar da tunani. da tausayawa. Sakamakon babban iko, yana haifar da alamu da sarari. ƙungiyoyi. Forte na iya haifar da ra'ayin wani abu mai haske, farin ciki, babba, piano - ƙarami, bakin ciki, fortissimo - maɗaukaki, mai ƙarfi, girma, kuma ya kawo mafi girman iko - mai ban tsoro, mai ban tsoro. Akasin haka, pianissimo yana da alaƙa da taushi, sau da yawa asiri. Canje-canje a cikin haɓakawa da faɗuwar sonority suna haifar da tasirin "kusa" da "cire". Wasu kiɗa. samfur. tsara don takamaiman tasiri mai ƙarfi: chor. wasan kwaikwayon "Echo" na O. Lasso an gina shi a kan adawa da sauti mai ƙarfi da shiru, "Bolero" na M. Ravel - akan ƙarar sauti a hankali, yana kaiwa ga ƙarshe. sashe zuwa babban koli.
An ƙaddara amfani da int mai ƙarfi. jigon da halayen kiɗa, salon sa, fasalin tsarin muses. aiki. A cikin bambanci. zamanin ado. Ma'auni na D., abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanayinsa da hanyoyin aikace-aikacen sun canza. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen asalin D. echo yana da kaifi, bambanci kai tsaye tsakanin sauti mai ƙarfi da taushi. Har zuwa ser. 18 a cikin. kiɗan ya mamaye D. forte da piano. Mafi girman ci gaban wannan ƙarfin hali. ka'idar da aka samu a zamanin Baroque tare da fasaharta na "daidaitaccen tsari mai kyau", yana motsawa zuwa ga abin tunawa. polyphonic. siffofin wok. da instr. kiɗa, zuwa tasirin chiaroscuro mai haske. Don kiɗan zamanin Baroque, bambancin D. kuma a cikin mafi da hankali bayyanar - D. yin rajista. Wannan nau'in D. amsa da mamaye muses. kayan kida na zamanin, musamman irin kayan kida irin su gabo, garaya (kimanin F. Couperin ya rubuta cewa a kan shi "ba shi yiwuwa a ƙara ko rage ikon sautuna", 1713), kuma salon kayan ado na ban mamaki yana da yawa. ku-instr. kiɗan makarantar Venetian, tare da shugabanninta. ka'idar coro spezzato - adawar decomp. guba. kungiyoyi da wasanni 2 jiki. Mafi ma'ana. ciki kiɗa na wannan zamanin - pre-classical. concerto grosso - bisa kaifi, kai tsaye. adawa da forte da piano - wasa concerto da concertino, gabaɗaya daban, sau da yawa daban ba kawai a cikin timbre ba, har ma a cikin ƙarar sautin ƙungiyoyin kayan kida. A lokaci guda a fagen solo wok. wasan kwaikwayon riga a farkon lokacin baroque, santsi, canje-canje a hankali a cikin ƙarar sauti an haɓaka su. A cikin filin instr. kiɗa zuwa sauye-sauye zuwa irin wannan D. ya ba da gudummawa ga juyin juya hali a cikin kiɗa. Toolkit, cika cikin con. 17 - ba. Karni na 18, amincewar violin, kuma daga baya piano irin guduma. a matsayin manyan kayan aikin solo tare da haɓaka iri-iri. damar, da ci gaban wani melodious, mika, m, psychologically more capacious instr. melodics, haɓakar jituwa. kudi. Violin da kayan kida na dangin violin sun kafa tushen abin da ke fitowa. (kananan) symph. ƙungiyar makaɗa Ana samun alamomi daban-daban na crescendo da diminuendo a tsakanin wasu mawaƙa waɗanda suka fara daga ƙarni na 17: D. Mazzocchi (1640), J. F. Ramo (karni na 30 na 18). Akwai alamar crescendo il forte a cikin opera "Artaxerxes" na N. Yommelli (1749). F. Geminiani shine farkon instr. virtuoso, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin 1739, lokacin da yake sake fitar da sonatas don violin da bass, op. 1 (1705), tsauri na musamman. alamomi don ƙara ƙarfin sauti (/) da kuma rage shi (); Ya bayyana cewa: "Sautin ya kamata ya fara a hankali sannan ya ƙara daidai zuwa rabin tsawon lokacin (bayanin kula), bayan haka a hankali ya ragu zuwa ƙarshe." Wannan nunin wasan kwaikwayon, yana nufin crescendo akan bayanin kula ɗaya, dole ne a bambanta shi daga tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi a cikin manyan muses. gine-gine, aikace-aikacen da wakilan makarantar Mannheim suka fara. Tsawon lokacin da suka shiga. tsauri yana tashi da faɗuwa, ƙarin haske mai ƙarfi. inuwa ba kawai sababbin fasahohin wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, amma har ma da kwayoyin halitta. fasali na salon wakokinsu. Mannheimers sun shigar da sabon kuzari. ka'ida - forte y an samu ba ta hanyar ƙara yawan muryoyin kawai ba (wani dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita a baya), amma ta hanyar ƙara sautin dukan sautin. tare. Sun gano cewa piano yana yin aiki mafi kyau yayin da mawakan da suka ƙware suna shiga cikin wasan. Don haka, ƙungiyar makada ta sami 'yanci daga tsaye kuma ta zama mai iya yin wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri. "Modulations". Crescendo na wucin gadi, haɗa forte da piano tare zuwa wani ƙarfi guda ɗaya. gaba ɗaya, yana nufin sabon ƙa'ida a cikin kiɗa, busa tsoffin muses. siffofin dangane da bambanci D. kuma D. yin rajista. Bayanin gargajiya. sonata form (sonata allegro), gabatarwar sabbin ka'idojin jigo. ci gaban ya haifar da yin amfani da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, dabaru masu hankali. inuwa, wanda aka rigaya ya dogara akan “banbance-banbance a cikin mafi ƙarancin tsarin jigo. ilimi" (X. Riemann). Da'awar "bambamcin tsari mai kyau" ya ba da damar da'awar "sauyi a hankali". Waɗannan manyan ƙa'idodi guda biyu masu ƙarfi sun sami kwayoyin halitta. hade a cikin kiɗa na L. Beethoven tare da bambance-bambancen da ke da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (wasu fasaha da aka fi so na piano subito - haɓakar sauti yana katse ba zato ba tsammani, yana ba da hanyar zuwa piano) kuma a lokaci guda yana jujjuyawar sannu a hankali daga mai ƙarfi ɗaya. inuwa zuwa wani. Daga baya mawaƙan soyayya ne suka haɓaka su, musamman G. Berlioz. Don Orc. ayyukan na ƙarshe suna da alaƙa da haɗuwa da abubuwa daban-daban. tasiri tare da ayyana. kayan aikin timbres, wanda ke ba mu damar yin magana game da wani nau'in "tsari mai ƙarfi. fenti” (wani dabara daga baya masanan Impressionists suka haɓaka). Daga baya, polydynamics kuma an haɓaka - rashin daidaituwa a cikin tarin wasan motsa jiki. inuwa a otd. kayan kida ko makada. ƙungiyoyi, haifar da sakamako mai kyau mai ƙarfi. polyphony (na al'ada G. Mahler). D. yana taka rawa sosai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Hankali na rabon kiɗa. sonority yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sharuɗɗan fasaha. kisa. Cin zarafinsa na iya karkatar da abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗan. Kasancewa da alaƙa mara iyaka tare da agogics, furuci da jimla, D. mafi girman ƙaddara ta mutum. yi. salo, halin fassara, ado. daidaitawa mai yi. makarantu. Wasu ana siffanta su da ƙa'idodin marasa ƙarfi na D., ƙaranci mai ƙarfi.
A cikin ƙungiyoyin avant-garde daban-daban na ƙarni na 20. amfani da albarkatu masu ƙarfi suna fuskantar manyan canje-canje. A cikin kiɗan atonal, watse tare da jituwa da nishaɗi. dangantaka, kusanci na D. tare da dabaru na jituwa. ci gaba ya ɓace. Masu zane-zane na Avant-garde kuma suna canza tasirin tasiri. rashin jituwa, lokacin da, alal misali, akan madauri mai ɗorewa, kowane kayan aiki yana canza ƙarfin sauti daban-daban (K. Stockhausen, Zeitmasse). A cikin polyserial kiɗa mai ƙarfi. inuwa gaba daya suna ƙarƙashin jerin, kowane sauti yana hade da wani matakin ƙara.
References: Mostras KG, Dynamics a cikin fasahar violin, M., 1956; Kogan GM, Aiki na pianist, M., 1963, 1969, p. 161-64; Pazovsky AM, Bayanan kula da jagora, M., 1966, p. 287-310, M., 1968.
IM Yampolsky
