Mechanical piano: abin da yake, kayan aiki abun da ke ciki, ka'idar aiki, tarihi

Tun kafin bayyanar piano na inji, mutane suna sauraron kiɗan da hurdy-gurdy ke kunnawa. Mutumin da akwatin ya taka titi, ya juya hannun, jama'a suka taru. Ƙarnuka za su shuɗe, kuma ka'idar aiki na gabobin ganga zai zama tushen don ƙirƙirar tsarin sabon abun da ke ciki, wanda za a kira pianola.

Na'urar da ka'idar aiki

Pianola kayan kida ne wanda ke sake yin kida akan ka'idar piano ta hanyar buga maɓalli da guduma. Babban bambanci tsakanin pianola da piano madaidaiciya shi ne cewa baya buƙatar kasancewar ƙwararren mawaƙi don yin wasa. Sautin yana kunna ta atomatik.

A cikin abin da aka makala ko na'urar da aka gina a ciki akwai abin nadi, a saman wanda aka yi amfani da protrusions. Shirye-shiryensu ya yi daidai da jerin bayanan bayanan da ake yi. Ana kunna abin nadi ta hannun hannu, fitattun fitattun suna yin aiki da guduma a jere, kuma ana samun waƙa.

Wani juzu'in abun da ke ciki, wanda ya bayyana daga baya, yayi aiki akan wannan ka'ida, amma an sanya alamar a kan tef ɗin takarda. An busa iska ta cikin ramukan tef ɗin da aka buga, ya yi aiki a kan guduma, wanda, bi da bi, a kan maɓalli da kirtani.

Tarihin asali

A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, masters sun fara gwaji tare da na'urorin pianola dangane da aikin sashin injiniya. Kafin pianola, harmonicon ya bayyana, inda sanduna a kan allo mai maƙalli suka yi aiki akan maɓallan. Daga baya, mai kirkiro na Faransa JA Gwajin ya gabatar da duniya ga kwali, inda aka maye gurbin katako tare da sanduna da katin bugawa tare da tsarin pneumatic.

Ana ɗaukar E. Votey a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiri piano na inji. Pianola na 1895 ya yi aiki ta hanyar matsin lamba da bugun pianist ya haifar a kasan kayan aikin. An kunna kida ta amfani da robobin takarda. Ramukan da ke cikin takarda suna nuna bayanin kula kawai, babu inuwa mai ƙarfi, babu ɗan lokaci. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin pianola da piano a wancan lokacin shi ne cewa tsohon baya buƙatar kasancewar mawaƙin da ya san abubuwan da ma’aikatan kiɗan ke da su.

Na'urorin farko suna da ƙananan kewayo, manyan girma. An tura su zuwa wasan piano, kuma masu sauraro suna zaune. A farkon karni na XNUMX, sun koyar da saka tsarin a cikin jikin piano da amfani da injin lantarki. Girman na'urar sun zama ƙarami.

Shahararrun mawaƙa sun zama masu sha'awar sabon kayan aikin. Sun daidaita ayyukansu zuwa pianola ta hanyar rubuta maki akan nadi na takarda. Daga cikin shahararrun marubutan akwai S. Rachmaninov, I. Stravinsky.

Gramophones sun zama sananne a cikin 30s. Sun zama gama gari kuma da sauri sun maye gurbin piano na inji. A lokacin ƙirƙirar kwamfutoci na farko, sha'awar shi ta sake komawa. Shahararriyar piano na dijital ya bayyana a yau, wanda bambancinsa shine a cikin sarrafa lantarki na maki da rikodin sautin sauti a kan kafofin watsa labaru na lantarki.

Yin amfani da pianola

Zamanin kayan aikin injiniya ya zo a farkon karni na karshe. Masu sauraro sun so su zaɓi ƙarin guda, kuma buƙata ta haifar da wadata. Repertoire ya faɗaɗa, nocturnes Chopin, Beethoven's symphonies har ma da jazz abun ciki ya zama samuwa. Milhaud, Stravinsky, Hindemith "ya rubuta" yana aiki na musamman don pianola.

Gudun gudu da kisa na mafi rikitarwa tsarin rhythmic sun zama samuwa ga kayan aiki, wanda ke da wuya ga masu yin "rayuwa" suyi. A cikin goyon bayan piano na inji, Conlon Nancarrow ya yi zaɓinsa, wanda ya rubuta Etudes don Piano Mechanical.

Bambanci tsakanin pianola da pianoforte na iya tura kiɗan "rayuwa" gaba ɗaya zuwa bango. Piano ya bambanta da pianola ba wai kawai don yana buƙatar kasancewar ƙwararren mawaki ba. Wasu ayyuka suna buƙatar dogon koyo da ƙwarewar fasaha na mai yin saboda sarƙaƙƙiyarsu. Amma da zuwan na’urar gramophone da na’urar radiyo da na’urar daukar hoto, wannan kayan aikin an manta da shi gaba daya, an daina amfani da shi, kuma a yanzu za a iya ganinsa a gidajen tarihi kawai da kuma tarin dillalan gargajiya.