Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |

Luigi boccherini

A cikin jituwa da abokin hamayyar Sacchini mai laushi, Mawaƙin ji, Boccherini na allahntaka! Fayol

Al'adun kiɗa na Italiyanci cellist da mawaki L. Boccherini kusan gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi kayan aikin kayan aiki. A cikin "shekarun opera", kamar yadda ake kira karni na 30 sau da yawa, ya halicci 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo kawai. Mai yin virtuoso yana jan hankalin kayan kida da tarin kayan aiki. Mawaƙin Peru ya mallaki kusan waƙoƙi 400; ayyuka daban-daban na ƙungiyar makaɗa; yawancin violin da cello sonatas; violin, sarewa da concertos cello; game da nau'ikan gungu na XNUMX (quartets, quintets, sextets, octets).

Boccherini ya sami ilimin kiɗan firamare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, ɗan bassist Leopold Boccherini, da D. Vannuccini. Tuni yana da shekaru 12, matashin mawaƙin ya fara kan hanyar sana'a: farawa tare da sabis na shekaru biyu a cikin ɗakunan sujada na Lucca, ya ci gaba da yin ayyukansa a matsayin mai soloist cello a Roma, sa'an nan kuma a cikin ɗakin sujada. garinsa (tun 1761). Anan Boccherini nan da nan ya shirya nau'in kirtani na quartet, wanda ya haɗa da shahararrun virtuosos da mawaƙa na wancan lokacin (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) kuma don abin da suke ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa a cikin nau'in quartet tsawon shekaru biyar (1762) -67). 1768 Boccherini ya gana a birnin Paris, inda aka gudanar da wasanninsa cikin nasara kuma baiwar mawakin a matsayin mawaka ta samu karbuwa a Turai. Amma ba da daɗewa ba (daga 1769) ya koma Madrid, inda har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaki na kotu, kuma ya sami matsayi mai yawa na albashi a ɗakin ɗakin kiɗa na Emperor Wilhelm Frederick II, babban masanin kiɗa. Yin ayyuka a hankali yana komawa baya, yana ba da lokaci don aikin ƙirƙira mai zurfi.

Kiɗa na Boccherini yana da ban sha'awa, kamar marubucin kansa. Wani ɗan wasan violin na Faransa P. Rode ya tuna: “Lokacin da wani ya yi kidan Boccherini bai dace da nufin Boccherini ko dandano ba, mawaƙin ba zai iya kame kansa ba; sai ya ji dadi ya taka kafarsa, ko ta yaya ya kasa hakuri sai ya gudu da sauri yana ihun ana azabtar da ‘ya’yansa.

A cikin ƙarni na 2 da suka gabata, abubuwan da masanin Italiyanci ya yi ba su rasa sabo da saurin tasirin su ba. Solo da guntun guntun Boccherini suna haifar da ƙalubale na fasaha ga mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, suna ba da dama don bayyana wadatattun damar bayyanannun kayan aiki da nagarta. Abin da ya sa masu wasan kwaikwayo na zamani suka yarda da son kai ga aikin mawallafin Italiyanci.

Salon Boccherini ba kawai yanayi ba ne, waƙa, alheri, wanda muke gane alamun al'adun kiɗa na Italiyanci. Ya shagaltu da fasalulluka na jin daɗi, harshe mai mahimmanci na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), da fasaha mai haske na mawakan Jamus na tsakiyar karni: mawaƙa daga Mannheim (Ja Stamitz, F. Richter). ), da kuma I. Schobert da sanannen dan Johann Sebastian Bach - Philipp Emanuel Bach. Mawaƙin kuma ya sami tasirin mafi girman mawaƙin opera na ƙarni na 2. - mai gyara na opera K. Gluck: ba daidai ba ne cewa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin Boccherini ya haɗa da sanannen jigon rawa na fures daga Dokar 1805 na Gluck's opera Orpheus da Eurydice. Boccherini na ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na nau'in kirtani quintet kuma na farko wanda quintets ya sami karɓuwa a Turai. WA Mozart da L. Beethoven sun ba su ƙima sosai, waɗanda suka kirkiro ayyuka masu haske a cikin nau'in quintet. Dukansu a lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarsa, Boccherini ya kasance a cikin mawakan da aka fi girmamawa. Kuma mafi girman fasaharsa ya bar tabo maras gogewa a tarihin zamaninsa da zuriyarsa. Wani labarin mutuwar a cikin jaridar Leipzig (XNUMX) ya ruwaito cewa ya kasance mai kyau cellist wanda ya yi farin ciki da wasa da wannan kayan aiki saboda sautin da ba a iya kwatantawa ba da kuma taɓa nunawa a cikin wasa.

S. Rytsarev

Luigi Boccherini na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin gargajiya. A matsayin mawaƙi, ya yi gasa tare da Haydn da Mozart, ƙirƙirar da yawa symphonies da ɗakin ensembles, bambanta da tsabta, nuna gaskiya na salo, gine-gine cikar siffofin, ladabi da kuma m tausayi na hotuna. Yawancin mutanen zamaninsa sunyi la'akari da shi a matsayin magada ga salon Rococo, "Hydn mata", wanda aikinsa ya mamaye shi da kyawawan siffofi. E. Buchan, ba tare da ajiyar zuciya ba, yana mayar da shi ga masu kishin gargajiya: “Boccherini mai zafin gaske da mafarki, tare da ayyukansa na 70s, ya zama a cikin sahun farko na masu haɓakar guguwa na wancan lokacin, ƙarfin ƙarfinsa yana tsammanin sautin gaba. .”

Buchan ya fi daidai a cikin wannan kima fiye da sauran. "Fiery da dreamy" - ta yaya mutum zai iya kwatanta sandunan kiɗan Boccherini? A ciki, alheri da kiwo na Rococo sun haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo na Gluck da waƙar waƙa, wanda ya tuna da Mozart sosai. Domin karni na XNUMX, Boccherini wani mai zane ne wanda ya shirya hanya don gaba; aikinsa ya ba da mamaki ga mutanen zamani tare da ƙarfin hali na kayan aiki, sabon abu na harshe mai jituwa, gyare-gyaren gargajiya da kuma tsabta na siffofi.

Har ma mafi mahimmanci shine Boccherini a cikin tarihin fasahar cello. Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mahaliccin fasahar cello na gargajiya, ya haɓaka kuma ya ba da tsarin jituwa na wasa akan gungumen azaba, ta haka ya faɗaɗa iyakokin wuyan cello; ɓullo da wani haske, mai kyau, "lu'u-lu'u" rubutun motsi na alama, yana wadatar da albarkatun yatsa na hannun hagu kuma, ko kaɗan, fasaha na baka.

Rayuwar Boccherini ba ta yi nasara ba. Kaddara ta tanadar masa makomar gudun hijira, rayuwa mai cike da wulakanci, talauci, gwagwarmayar neman guzuri. Ya gamu da ɓacin rai na “majiɓincin ɗan adam” wanda ya raunana ruhinsa mai fahariya sosai a kowane mataki, kuma ya rayu shekaru da yawa cikin buƙatu marar bege. Mutum zai iya yin mamakin yadda, tare da duk abin da ya fada a cikin rabonsa, ya sami damar kula da jin dadi da kyakkyawan fata wanda yake a fili a cikin kiɗansa.

Haihuwar Luigi Boccherini ita ce tsohuwar birnin Tuscan na Lucca. Karamin girmansa, wannan birni bai kasance kamar lardi mai nisa ba. Lucca ya yi rayuwa mai tsananin kida da zamantakewa. A kusa da akwai ruwan warkarwa da suka shahara a ko'ina cikin Italiya, kuma shahararrun bukukuwan haikali a cikin majami'u na Santa Croce da San Martino suna jan hankalin mahajjata da yawa a kowace shekara waɗanda ke tururuwa daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Fitattun mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Italiya sun yi a coci a lokacin bukukuwa. Lucca yana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar makaɗa na birni; akwai gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma babban ɗakin sujada, wanda babban limamin cocin ya kiyaye, akwai makarantun hauza guda uku da koyar da kiɗa a kowace. A daya daga cikinsu Boccherini yayi karatu.

An haife shi a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1743 a cikin dangin kiɗa. Mahaifinsa Leopold Boccherini, dan wasan bass biyu, ya buga shekaru da yawa a cikin makada na birni; babban ɗan'uwa Giovanni-Anton-Gaston ya rera waƙa, ya buga violin, ɗan rawa ne, kuma daga baya mai son rai. A kan libretto, Haydn ya rubuta oratorio "Komawar Tobias".

Ƙarfin kiɗan Luigi ya bayyana da wuri. Yaron ya rera waka a cikin mawakan coci kuma a lokaci guda mahaifinsa ya koya masa fasahar cello ta farko. An ci gaba da ilimi a ɗayan makarantun hauza tare da ƙwararren malami, ɗan takalmi kuma mai kula da bandeji Abbot Vanucci. A sakamakon azuzuwan tare da abbot Boccherini ya fara magana a fili tun yana da shekaru goma sha biyu. Wadannan wasan kwaikwayon sun kawo sunan Boccherini a tsakanin masoya kiɗan birane. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga sashen kiɗa na makarantar hauza a 1757, Boccherini ya tafi Roma don inganta wasansa. A tsakiyar karni na XVIII, Roma ta ji daɗin ɗaukakar ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kiɗa na duniya. Ya haskaka da manyan makada (ko kuma, kamar yadda ake kiran su a lokacin, ɗakin ɗakin karatu na kayan aiki); akwai gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da wuraren waka da yawa suna fafatawa da juna. A Roma, ana iya jin wasan Tartini, Punyani, Somis, waɗanda suka yi fice a duniya na fasahar violin na Italiya. Matashin mai kida da tsalle-tsalle ya shiga cikin rayuwar kidan babban birnin kasar.

Da wanda ya kammala kansa a Roma, ba a sani ba. Mafi mahimmanci, "daga kansa", sha'awar kide-kide, zabar sabo da ilhami da watsar da tsoho, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Har ila yau, al'adun violin na Italiya zai iya rinjayar shi, wanda babu shakka kwarewarsa ya canza zuwa salon cello. Ba da da ewa Boccherini ya fara lura, kuma ya jawo hankalin kansa ba kawai ta hanyar wasa, amma kuma da qagaggun cewa tada duniya babbar sha'awa. A cikin farkon 80s, ya buga ayyukansa na farko kuma ya yi rangadin kide-kide na farko, ya ziyarci Vienna sau biyu.

A 1761 ya koma garinsu na haihuwa. Lucca ya gaishe shi da farin ciki: "Ba mu san abin da za mu fi ba da mamaki ba - ban mamaki na aikin nagarta ko kuma sabon salo na ayyukansa."

A Lucca, Boccherini ya fara karbarsa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗar wasan kwaikwayo, amma a cikin 1767 ya koma ɗakin sujada na Jamhuriyar Lucca. A Lucca, ya sadu da ɗan wasan violin Filippo Manfredi, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama abokinsa na kud da kud. Boccherini ya zama marar iyaka ga Manfredi.

Koyaya, a hankali Lucca ya fara auna Boccherini. Na farko, duk da aikin dangi, rayuwar kiɗan da ke cikinta, musamman bayan Rum, yana kama da shi lardin. Bugu da ƙari, ƙishirwar shahara ta mamaye shi, yana mafarkin wani babban taron kide-kide. A ƙarshe, hidimar da ake yi a ɗakin sujada ta ba shi lada mai sauƙi. Duk wannan ya kai ga gaskiyar cewa a farkon 1767 Boccherini, tare da Manfredi, ya bar Lucca. An gudanar da kide-kiden nasu a garuruwan Arewacin Italiya - a Turin, Piedmont, Lombardy, sannan a kudancin Faransa. Masanin tarihin rayuwa Boccherini Pico ya rubuta cewa a ko'ina an sadu da su da sha'awa da kuma sha'awa.

A cewar Pico, a lokacin zamansa a Lucca (a cikin 1762-1767), Boccherini gabaɗaya ya kasance mai himma sosai wajen ƙirƙira, ya shagaltu da yin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ƙirƙiri guda 6 kawai. A bayyane yake, a wannan lokacin ne Boccherini da Manfredi suka gana da shahararren dan wasan violin Pietro Nardini da Cambini violist. Kusan watanni shida suna aiki tare a matsayin kwata. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1795, Cambini ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da nake ƙuruciya na yi watanni shida na farin ciki a irin waɗannan sana’o’i da kuma jin daɗi. Manyan Masters guda uku - Manfredi, mafi kyawun ɗan wasan violin a duk Italiya dangane da wasan orchestral da wasan quartet, Nardini, wanda ya shahara da kamalar wasansa a matsayin virtuoso, kuma Boccherini, wanda aka san cancantarsa, ya ba ni darajar karɓe. ni a matsayin violist.

A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, wasan kwaikwayo na quartet ya fara haɓakawa - sabon salo ne wanda ke fitowa a wancan lokacin, kuma quartet na Nardini, Manfredi, Cambini, Boccherini ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun duniya da aka sani. zuwa gare mu.

A ƙarshen 1767 ko a farkon 1768 abokai sun isa Paris. Wasan farko na masu fasaha biyu a Paris ya faru a cikin salon Baron Ernest von Bagge. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren waƙa na ban mamaki a cikin Paris. Masu zane-zane masu ziyara ne suka yi ta muhawara akai-akai kafin a shigar da su cikin Concert Spiritucl. Dukan launi na kiɗa na Paris sun taru a nan, Gossec, Gavigier, Capron, Duport (babba) da sauran mutane da yawa sukan ziyarci. An yaba da fasaha na matasa mawaƙa. Paris yayi magana game da Manfredi da Boccherini. Wajen da aka yi a cikin salon Bagge ya buɗe musu hanya zuwa Concert Spirituel. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon a cikin shahararren zauren a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1768, kuma nan da nan mawallafin kiɗa na Paris Lachevardier da Besnier sun ba Boccherini don buga ayyukansa.

Duk da haka, aikin Boccherini da Manfredi sun gamu da zargi. Littafin Concerts a Faransa a ƙarƙashin Ancien Régime na Michel Brenet ya yi ƙaulin kalamai masu zuwa: “Manfredi, ɗan violin na farko, bai sami nasarar da ya yi begen samu ba. An gano waƙarsa tana da santsi, waƙarsa mai faɗi da daɗi, amma wasansa na ƙazanta ne kuma ba daidai ba. Wasan cello na Mista Boccarini (sic!) ya yi ta tafi daidai daidai da matsakaicin matsakaici, sautunan sa sun yi kama da kunnuwan kunnuwan, kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran ba su da jituwa sosai.

Reviews suna nuni. Masu sauraro na Concert Spirituel, a mafi yawan ɓangaren, tsohuwar ka'idodin fasaha na "gallant" sun mamaye su, kuma wasan Boccherini na iya zama kamar (kuma ya yi kama da!) Ga mata mai tsauri, rashin jituwa. Yana da wuya a yi imani yanzu cewa "Gavinier mai laushi" ya yi kama da kaifi da tsauri a lokacin, amma gaskiya ne. Boccherini, a fili, ya sami masu sha'awar a cikin wannan da'irar masu sauraro waɗanda, a cikin 'yan shekaru, za su amsa da sha'awa da fahimta ga Gluck's operatic gyaran gyare-gyare, amma mutanen da suka girma a kan Rococo aesthetics, a kowane hali, sun kasance ba ruwansa da shi; a gare su ya zama mai ban mamaki da kuma "m". Wanene ya san ko wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Boccherini da Manfredi ba su zauna a Paris ba? A karshen 1768, shan amfani da tayin na Spanish jakadan shiga sabis na Infante na Spain, nan gaba Sarki Charles IV, suka tafi Madrid.

Spain a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX wata ƙasa ce ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Katolika da martani na feudal. Wannan shine zamanin Goya, don haka L. Feuchtwanger ya bayyana shi da kyau a cikin littafinsa game da mawaƙin Mutanen Espanya. Boccherini da Manfredi sun isa nan, a kotun Charles III, wanda tare da ƙiyayya ya tsananta duk abin da ya kai ga saba wa Katolika da kuma malaman addini.

A Spain, an gamu da su ba tare da sada zumunci ba. Charles III da Yariman Jariri na Asturias sun bi da su fiye da sanyi. Bugu da kari, mawakan yankin ko kadan ba su ji dadin zuwansu ba. Dan wasan violin na kotu na farko Gaetano Brunetti, wanda ke tsoron gasa, ya fara saƙa a kusa da Boccherini. Mai tuhuma da iyakancewa, Charles III ya yarda da yarda da Brunetti, kuma Boccherini ya kasa samun wuri ga kansa a kotu. Ya sami ceto ta hanyar goyon bayan Manfredi, wanda ya karbi matsayin dan wasan violin na farko a ɗakin sujada na ɗan'uwan Charles III Don Louis. Don Louis mutum ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi. "Ya goyi bayan masu fasaha da masu fasaha da yawa waɗanda ba a yarda da su a gidan sarauta ba. Alal misali, wani zamani na Boccherini, sanannen Goya, wanda ya samu lakabin mai zanen kotu kawai a 1799, na dogon lokaci ya sami goyon baya daga jariri. Don Lui ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma, a fili, ya yi amfani da jagorancin Boccherini.

Manfredi ya tabbatar da cewa an kuma gayyaci Boccherini zuwa ɗakin sujada na Don Louis. A nan, a matsayin mawaƙin kiɗa na ɗakin ɗakin da virtuoso, mawallafin ya yi aiki daga 1769 zuwa 1785. Sadarwa tare da wannan majiɓinci mai daraja shine kawai abin farin ciki a rayuwar Boccherini. Sau biyu a mako yana da damar sauraron ayyukan ayyukansa a cikin Villa "Arena", wanda na Don Louis ne. A nan Boccherini ya sadu da matarsa ​​ta gaba, 'yar wani kyaftin na Aragonese. An yi bikin aure a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1776.

Bayan aure, halin kudi na Boccherini ya zama ma fi wuya. An haifi yara. Don ya taimaki mawakin, Don Louis ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai ƙarar kotun Spain a kansa. Sai dai yunkurin nasa ya ci tura. Wani bahaushen bayanin abin ban takaici dangane da Boccherini ya bar wani ɗan wasan violin na Faransa Alexander Boucher, wanda a gabansa ya fito. Wata rana, in ji Boucher, kawun Charles IV, Don Louis, ya kawo Boccherini ga dan uwansa, Yariman Asturias na lokacin, don gabatar da sababbin abubuwan da mawakin ya yi. An riga an buɗe bayanan kula akan wuraren waƙa. Karl ya ɗauki baka, koyaushe yana buga wasan violin na farko. A wani wuri na quintet, an maimaita bayanin kula guda biyu na dogon lokaci kuma ba tare da izini ba: ku, ku, ku, ku. Cikin XNUMXangaren nasa sarki ya taka su ba tare da ya saurari sauran muryoyin ba. Daga karshe dai ya gaji da maimaita su, ya fusata ya tsaya.

- Abun kyama! Loafer, kowane ɗan makaranta zai yi mafi kyau: yi, si, yi, si!

Boccherini ya amsa a nutse, “Yallabai, idan mai martaba zai karkata kunnenka ga abin da violin da viola na biyu ke wasa, ga pizzicato da cello ke takawa a daidai lokacin da violin na farko ya sake maimaita bayaninsa, to waɗannan Bayanan kula nan da nan za su rasa ƙarfinsu da zarar wasu kayan aikin, sun shiga, sun shiga cikin hirar.

- Wallahi, wallahi, wallahi - kuma wannan yana cikin rabin sa'a! Wallahi, wallahi, wallahi, zance mai ban sha'awa! Kidan dan makaranta, mugun dan makaranta!

"Sir," Boccherini ya dafa shi, "kafin yin hukunci irin wannan, dole ne a kalla ku fahimci kiɗa, jahilci!"

Tsalle a fusace Karl ya kama Boccherini ya ja shi tagar.

"Ah, yallabai, ka ji tsoron Allah!" kuka Gimbiya Asturia. A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, yarima ya juya rabin rabi, wanda Boccherini mai tsoro ya yi amfani da shi don ɓoye a cikin ɗakin na gaba.

"Wannan yanayin," in ji Pico, "babu shakka, an gabatar da shi da ɗanɗano, amma gaskiya ne, a ƙarshe ya hana Boccherini tagomashi na sarauta. Sabon sarkin Spain, magaji ga Charles III, ba zai taɓa mantawa da cin mutuncin da aka yi wa Yariman Asturia ba… kuma baya son ganin mawaki ko yin waƙarsa. Ko da sunan Boccherini ba za a yi magana a cikin fadar ba. Lokacin da wani ya kuskura ya tunatar da sarkin mawakin, sai ya katse mai tambayar:

- Wanene kuma ya ambaci Boccherini? Boccherini ya mutu, bari kowa ya tuna da wannan da kyau kuma kada ku sake yin magana game da shi!

An ɗora nauyin iyali (mata da 'ya'ya biyar), Boccherini ya sami rayuwa mai wahala. Ya yi rashin lafiya musamman bayan mutuwar Don Louis a shekara ta 1785. Wasu masoyan waƙa ne kawai ke tallafa masa, waɗanda a cikin gidajensu yake gudanar da kiɗan ɗaki. Duk da cewa rubuce-rubucensa sun shahara kuma manyan gidajen buga littattafai a duniya suka buga, amma hakan bai sa rayuwar Boccherini ta samu sauki ba. Mawallafa sun yi masa fashi ba tare da tausayi ba. A daya daga cikin wasikun, mawakin ya yi korafin cewa yana karbar makudan kudade kadan kuma ana yin watsi da hakokinsa. A wata wasiƙa, ya furta da zafi: “Wataƙila na riga na mutu?”

Ba a gane shi ba a Spain, ya yi magana ta hannun wakilin Prussian ga Sarki Frederick William II kuma ya sadaukar da ɗayan ayyukansa. Da yake godiya sosai ga kiɗan Boccherini, Friedrich Wilhelm ya nada shi mawakin kotu. Duk ayyukan da suka biyo baya, daga 1786 zuwa 1797, Boccherini ya rubuta wa kotun Prussian. Duk da haka, a cikin sabis na Sarkin Prussia, Boccherini har yanzu yana zaune a Spain. Gaskiya ne, ra'ayoyin masu rubutun tarihin tarihin sun bambanta a kan wannan batu, Pico da Schletterer suna jayayya cewa, bayan isa Spain a 1769, Boccherini bai bar iyakokinta ba, sai dai tafiya zuwa Avignon, inda a 1779 ya halarci bikin auren 'yar'uwarta, ya auri Fisher violin. L. Ginzburg yana da ra'ayi na daban. Dangane da wasikar Boccherini zuwa ga jami'in diflomasiyar Prussian Marquis Lucchesini (30 ga Yuni, 1787), wanda aka aiko daga Breslau, Ginzburg ya zana ma'ana cewa a cikin 1787 mawakin ya kasance a Jamus. Zaman Boccherini a nan zai iya dawwama daga 1786 zuwa 1788, haka ma, zai iya ziyarci Vienna, inda a watan Yuli 1787 daurin auren 'yar uwarsa Maria Esther, wanda ya auri mawaƙa Honorato Vigano, ya faru. Gaskiyar tafiyar Boccherini zuwa Jamus, dangane da wannan wasiƙa ta Breslau, Julius Behi ma ya tabbatar a cikin littafin Daga Boccherini zuwa Casals.

A cikin 80s, Boccherini ya riga ya kasance mai rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A cikin wasiƙar da aka ambata daga Breslau, ya rubuta: “… Na sami kaina a kurkuku a cikin ɗaki saboda ciwon hanta da ake ta yi akai-akai, har ma fiye da haka saboda kumburin ƙafafu mai tsanani, tare da rasa ƙarfina gaba ɗaya.”

Cutar, ta raunana ƙarfi, ta hana Boccherini damar ci gaba da ayyukan. A cikin 80s ya bar cello. Daga yanzu, tsara kiɗa ya zama tushen rayuwa kawai, kuma bayan haka, ana biyan kuɗi don buga ayyukan.

A cikin marigayi 80s, Boccherini ya koma Spain. Halin da ya tsinci kansa a ciki sam ba zai iya jurewa ba. Juyin juya halin da ya barke a Faransa ya haifar da martani mai ban mamaki a Spain da 'yan sanda. Don cire shi, Inquisition ya mamaye. Manufar tsokana ga Faransa a ƙarshe ta kai a 1793-1796 zuwa yakin Franco-Spanish, wanda ya ƙare a shan kashi na Spain. Kiɗa a cikin waɗannan yanayi ba a ɗauka da daraja. Boccherini ya zama mai wahala musamman lokacin da Sarkin Prussian Frederick II ya mutu - goyon bayansa kawai. Biyan kuɗaɗen mukamin mawaƙin ɗaki na kotun Prussian shine, a zahiri, babban kuɗin shiga na dangi.

Ba da da ewa bayan mutuwar Frederick II, kaddara yi wa Boccherini wani jerin m duka: a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, matarsa ​​da 'ya'ya mata biyu balagagge mutu. Boccherini ya sake yin aure, amma matar ta biyu ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga bugun jini. Abubuwan da ke da wuyar gaske na 90s sun shafi yanayin ruhunsa na gaba ɗaya - ya janye cikin kansa, ya shiga cikin addini. A cikin wannan yanayin, cike da baƙin ciki na ruhaniya, yana godiya ga kowane alamar hankali. Bugu da ƙari, talauci yana sa shi manne wa duk wata dama don samun kuɗi. Lokacin da Marquis na Benaventa, mai son kiɗan da ya buga guitar da kyau kuma Boccherini ya yaba masa sosai, ya tambaye shi ya shirya masa waƙoƙi da yawa, yana ƙara ɓangaren guitar, mawaƙin ya yarda ya cika wannan tsari. A cikin 1800, jakadan Faransa Lucien Bonaparte ya mika hannu na taimako ga mawaki. Boccherini mai godiya ya sadaukar da ayyuka da yawa a gare shi. A 1802, jakadan ya bar Spain, kuma Boccherini ya sake shiga cikin bukata.

Tun daga farkon 90s, ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙulla buƙatu, Boccherini yana ƙoƙarin mayar da dangantaka da abokan Faransa. A cikin 1791, ya aika da rubuce-rubuce da yawa zuwa Paris, amma sun ɓace. Boccherini ya rubuta: “Wataƙila an yi amfani da ayyukana wajen loda igwa. A cikin 1799, ya keɓe quintts ɗinsa ga "Jamhuriyar Faransa da babbar al'umma", kuma a cikin wasiƙar "ga Citizen Chenier" ya nuna godiyarsa ta gaske ga "Babban al'ummar Faransa, wanda, fiye da kowane, ji, godiya da kuma godiya. ya yaba da kyawawan rubuce-rubucena." Lalle ne, aikin Boccherini ya kasance mai daraja sosai a Faransa. Gluck, Gossec, Mugel, Viotti, Baio, Rode, Kreutzer, da Duport cellists sun sunkuya a gabansa.

A cikin 1799, Pierre Rode, shahararren ɗan wasan violin, ɗalibin Viotti, ya isa Madrid, kuma tsohon Boccherini ya haɗu tare da ɗan ƙaramin ɗan Faransa. Kowa ya manta da shi, kadaici, mara lafiya, Boccherini yana da matukar farin ciki don sadarwa tare da Rode. Da son ransa ya shirya kide-kidensa. Abota da Rode yana haskaka rayuwar Boccherini, kuma yana baƙin ciki sosai sa’ad da maestro ya bar Madrid a shekara ta 1800. Ganawa da Rode ya ƙara ƙarfafa sha’awar Boccherini. A karshe ya yanke shawarar barin Spain ya koma Faransa. Amma wannan buri nasa bai taba cika ba. Babban mai sha'awar Boccherini, ƴan wasan pian, mawaƙa kuma mawaƙa Sophie Gail ta ziyarce shi a Madrid a shekara ta 1803. Ta sami maestro gabaɗaya ba ta da lafiya kuma tana cikin tsananin buƙata. Ya rayu tsawon shekaru a daki daya, mezzanies ya raba gida biyu. Babban bene, ainihin ɗaki, yana aiki azaman ofishin mawaƙa. Gaba daya saitin tebur ne, stool da tsohuwar cello. Abin da ta gani ya gigice, Sophie Gail ta biya dukkan bashin Boccherini kuma ta tara a tsakanin abokai da kuɗin da ya dace don ya ƙaura zuwa Paris. Duk da haka, yanayin siyasa mai wuyar gaske da yanayin mawaƙin mara lafiya ba su ƙyale shi ya tashi ba.

Mayu 28, 1805 Boccherini ya mutu. Mutane kadan ne suka bi akwatin gawarsa. A cikin 1927, fiye da shekaru 120 bayan haka, an tura tokarsa zuwa Lucca.

A lokacin furanninsa na kirkire-kirkire, Boccherini ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan tantanin halitta na karni na XNUMX. A cikin wasansa, an lura da kyawun sautin da ba ya misaltuwa da kuma cike da waƙar cello. Lavasserre da Bodiot, a cikin Hanyar Conservatory na Paris, wanda aka rubuta a kan makarantar violin na Bayot, Kreutzer da Rode, sun kwatanta Boccherini kamar haka: "Idan (Boccherini. - LR) ya sa cello ya rera waƙa, to, tare da irin wannan. jin dadi mai zurfi, tare da irin wannan sauƙi mai daraja wanda aka manta da artificiality da kwaikwayo; ana jin wata murya mai ban sha'awa, ba mai ban haushi ba, amma ta'aziyya.

Har ila yau, Boccherini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa fasahar kiɗa a matsayin mawaki. Abubuwan al'adunsa na kirkira suna da girma - sama da ayyukan 400; Daga cikin su akwai 20 symphonies, violin da cello concertos, 95 quartets, 125 quintets (113 daga cikinsu tare da biyu cellos) da kuma da yawa sauran dakin ensembles. Masu zamani sun kwatanta Boccherini da Haydn da Mozart. Littafin gaisawa na Universal Musical Gazette ya ce: “Hakika, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙan kayan aiki na ƙasar ubansa Italiya… Tsohon abokinsa Haydn … Italiya ta sa shi a kan Haydn, kuma Spain ta fi son shi a kan maestro na Jamus, wanda aka same shi a can ma ya koyi. Faransa tana girmama shi sosai, kuma Jamus… sun san shi kaɗan. Amma inda suka san shi, sun san yadda ake jin daɗi da kuma godiya, musamman maɗaukakin ɓangaren waƙoƙinsa, suna ƙaunarsa kuma suna girmama shi sosai… Darasinsa na musamman dangane da kaɗe-kaɗe na Italiya, Spain da Faransa shine cewa shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. da farko su rubuta wa]anda suka sami kansu a can gaba ]aya rabon quarttes, wanda duk sautin su ya wajaba. Aƙalla shi ne farkon wanda ya sami karɓuwa a duniya. Shi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba Pleyel, tare da ayyukansu na farko a cikin nau'in kiɗan mai suna ya ba da mamaki a can tun kafin Haydn, wanda har yanzu ba a sani ba a lokacin.

Yawancin tarihin rayuwa suna yin daidaici tsakanin kiɗan Boccherini da Haydn. Boccherini ya san Haydn sosai. Ya sadu da shi a Vienna sannan ya yi wasiƙa na shekaru masu yawa. Boccherini, a fili, ya girmama babban Jamusanci na zamani. A cewar Cambini, a cikin rukunin quartet na Nardini-Boccherini, wanda ya shiga, an buga quartets na Haydn. A lokaci guda, ba shakka, halayen halayen Boccherini da Haydn sun bambanta. A cikin Boccherini ba za mu taɓa samun wannan siffar siffa wacce ke da halayyar kidan Haydn ba. Boccherini yana da ƙarin wuraren tuntuɓar Mozart. Ƙwaƙwalwa, haske, kyakkyawar "chivalry" sun haɗa su da kowane nau'i na kerawa tare da Rococo. Har ila yau, suna da alaƙa da yawa a cikin ɓata lokaci na hotuna, a cikin rubutu, tsari mai tsauri kuma a lokaci guda mai ban sha'awa da waƙa.

An san cewa Mozart ya yaba wa kiɗa na Boccherini. Stendhal ya rubuta game da wannan. "Ban sani ba ko saboda nasarar da wasan kwaikwayo na Miserere ya kawo shi (Stendhal yana nufin Mozart yana sauraron Miserere Allegri a cikin Sistine Chapel. - LR), amma, a fili, waƙar waƙar wannan zaburar ta yi. Ra'ayi mai zurfi a kan ran Mozart, wanda tun lokacin yana da fifiko ga Handel da kuma Boccherini mai laushi.

Yadda Mozart ya yi nazarin aikin Boccherini a hankali za a iya yin hukunci da cewa misalin da ya yi masa a lokacin ƙirƙirar Concerto na huɗu na Violin shine a fili wasan wasan violin da Lucca maestro ya rubuta a 1768 don Manfredi. Lokacin kwatanta concertos, yana da sauƙi don ganin yadda suke kusa da tsarin gaba ɗaya, jigogi, fasali na rubutu. Amma yana da mahimmanci a lokaci guda yadda jigo ɗaya ke canzawa a ƙarƙashin alƙalami mai haske na Mozart. Kwarewar tawali'u ta Boccherini ta juya zuwa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kide kide na Mozart; lu'u lu'u-lu'u, mai gefuna da ba su da alama, ya zama lu'u-lu'u mai kyalli.

Kawo Boccherini kusa da Mozart, masu zamani kuma sun ji bambance-bambancen su. "Mene ne bambanci tsakanin Mozart da Boccherini?" JB Shaul ya rubuta, “Na farko ya kai mu tsakanin tudu masu tudu zuwa cikin daji mai kauri, mai kama da allura, wani lokaci kawai ana shayar da furanni, na biyu kuma yana gangarowa cikin ƙasashe masu murmushi tare da kwaruruka masu furanni, tare da ƙorama na gunaguni, masu kauri da aka rufe.”

Boccherini ya kasance mai kula da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗansa. Pico ya gaya yadda sau ɗaya a Madrid, a cikin 1795, ɗan wasan violin na Faransa Boucher ya nemi Boccherini ya buga ɗaya daga cikin quartets.

“Kai kun riga kun ƙaru, kuma wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da balagagge, da salon wasa daban fiye da na ku.

Kamar yadda Boucher ya nace, Boccherini ya tuba, kuma 'yan wasan quartet sun fara wasa. Amma, da zaran sun taka wasu matakai, mawakin ya dakatar da su kuma ya dauki bangare daga Boucher.

“Na gaya muku cewa kun yi ƙanƙara don kunna kiɗa na.

Sai dan wasan violin ya juya ga maestro:

“Malam, kawai zan iya tambayarka ka qaddamar da ni cikin aiwatar da ayyukanka; koya min yadda ake wasa da su yadda ya kamata.

"Da yardar kaina, zan yi farin cikin jagorantar irin wannan baiwa irin naku!"

A matsayin mawaki, Boccherini ya sami karbuwa da wuri da wuri. An fara yin abubuwan da ya rubuta a Italiya da Faransa a cikin 60s, wato, lokacin da ya shiga filin mawaƙa. Sunansa ya kai Paris tun kafin ya bayyana a can a cikin 1767. Ayyukan Boccherini ba kawai a kan cello ba, har ma a kan tsohuwar "kishiya" - gamba. "The virtuosos a kan wannan kayan aiki, da yawa a cikin karni na XNUMX fiye da 'yan tantanin halitta, sun gwada ƙarfinsu ta hanyar yin sabbin ayyukan maigidan daga Lucca akan gamba."

Aikin Boccherini ya shahara sosai a farkon karni na XNUMX. An rera mawakin a cikin ayar. Fayol ya sadaukar da waka gare shi, yana kwatanta shi da Sacchini mai tausasawa yana kiran sa na Ubangiji.

A cikin 20s da 30s, Pierre Baio sau da yawa yakan buga gungu na Boccherini a buɗaɗɗen ɗakin maraice a Paris. An dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu yin kidan maigidan Italiya. Fetis ya rubuta cewa, lokacin da wata rana, bayan da Beethoven's quintet, Fetis ya ji Boccherini quintet da Bayo ya yi, ya yi farin ciki da "wannan kaɗe-kaɗe mai sauƙi da rashin hankali" wanda ya biyo bayan maɗaukakiyar jituwa na maigidan Jamus. Tasirin ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Masu sauraro sun motsa, an yi murna da sihiri. Don haka babban ƙarfin ilhama da ke fitowa daga rai, waɗanda ke da tasirin da ba za a iya jurewa ba yayin da suke fitowa kai tsaye daga zuciya.

Kiɗa na Boccherini ya kasance mai ƙauna sosai a nan Rasha. An fara yi a cikin 70s na XVIII karni. A cikin 80s, Boccherini quartets aka sayar a Moscow a Ivan Schoch ta "Shagon Dutch" tare da ayyukan Haydn, Mozart, Pleyel, da sauransu. Sun shahara sosai a tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo; ana buga su akai-akai a majalissar quartet na gida. AO Smirnova-Rosset ya faɗi waɗannan kalmomi na IV Vasilchikov, wanda aka yi magana da shi ga shahararren mashahurin IA Krylov, tsohon mai son kiɗa: E. Boccherini.- LR). Kuna tuna, Ivan Andreevich, yadda ni da ku suka buga su har zuwa dare?

Quintets tare da biyu cellos da aka yarda da baya a cikin 50s a cikin da'irar II Gavrushkevich, wanda aka ziyarci da matasa Borodin: "AP Borodin ya saurari Boccherini quintets tare da son sani da kuma matasa impressionability, da mamaki - Onslov, tare da soyayya - Goebel" . A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin 1860, a cikin wasiƙar E. Lagroix, VF Odoevsky ya ambaci Boccherini, tare da Pleyel da Paesiello, riga a matsayin mawaƙin da aka manta: “Na tuna sosai lokacin da ba sa son sauraron wani abu. fiye da Pleyel, Boccherini, Paesiello da sauransu waɗanda sunayensu ya daɗe ya mutu kuma an manta da su.

A halin yanzu, B-flat babban concerto cello kawai ya riƙe dacewa da fasaha daga gadon Boccherini. Watakila babu wani cellist daya da ba zai yi wannan aikin ba.

Sau da yawa muna shaida sake farfadowa na yawancin ayyukan kiɗa na farko, sake haifuwa don rayuwar kide-kide. Wa ya sani? Wataƙila lokaci zai zo don Boccherini kuma ƙungiyarsa za su sake yin sauti a cikin ɗakunan ɗakin, suna jan hankalin masu sauraro tare da fara'a.

L. Rabin