Maria Callas |
Mariya callas
Daya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarni na ƙarshe, Maria Callas, ta zama babban almara a lokacin rayuwarta. Duk abin da mai zane ya taɓa, komai ya haskaka da wani sabon haske, ba zato ba tsammani. Ta sami damar duba shafuka da yawa na maki opera tare da sabon salo, sabo, don gano kyawawan ƙawayen da ba a san su ba.
Maria Callas (sunan gaske Maria Anna Sophia Cecilia Kalogeropoulou) an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1923 a New York, a cikin dangin baƙi na Girka. Duk da karancin kudin shigarta, iyayenta sun yanke shawarar ba ta ilimin waka. Hazaka ta ban mamaki ta Maria ta bayyana a farkon kuruciya. A cikin 1937, tare da mahaifiyarta, ta zo ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, kuma ta shiga ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni na Athens, Ethnikon Odeon, zuwa ga shahararren malami Maria Trivella.
- Maria Callas a cikin kantin sayar da kan layi OZON.ru
A karkashin jagorancinta, Callas ya shirya kuma ya yi aikin wasan opera na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na dalibi - rawar Santuzza a cikin opera Rural Honor ta P. Mascagni. Irin wannan gagarumin taron ya faru a shekara ta 1939, wanda ya zama wani nau'i mai mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar mawaƙa na gaba. Ta ƙaura zuwa wani ɗakin ajiyar kayan tarihi na Athens, Odeon Afion, zuwa ajin fitacciyar mawaƙiyar launi ta Spain Elvira de Hidalgo, wacce ta kammala gyaran muryarta kuma ta taimaka wa Callas ya zama mawaƙin opera.
A cikin 1941, Callas ta fara halarta ta farko a Athens Opera, tana yin ɓangaren Tosca a cikin opera na Puccini mai suna iri ɗaya. A nan ta yi aiki har zuwa 1945, a hankali ta fara ƙware a manyan sassan opera.
Lalle ne, a cikin muryar Callas ya kasance "kuskure" mai haske. A tsakiyar rajista, ta ji wani muffled na musamman, har ma da ɗan danne timbre. Masu fa'ida na muryoyin sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin hasara, kuma masu sauraro sun ga fara'a ta musamman a cikin wannan. Ba dai-dai ba ne suka yi maganar sihirin muryarta, wanda hakan ya sa ta burge jama’a da waka. Mawakiyar da kanta ta kira muryarta "coloratura mai ban mamaki".
An gano Callas ne a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1947, lokacin da wani mawaki mai shekaru ashirin da hudu da ba a sani ba ya bayyana a dandalin Arena di Verona, gidan wasan opera mafi girma a duniya, inda kusan dukkan manyan mawaka da masu gudanarwa. na karni na XNUMX da aka yi. A lokacin bazara, ana gudanar da babban bikin wasan opera a nan, wanda Callas ya yi a cikin rawar take a cikin La Gioconda na Ponchielli.
Tullio Serafin, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun jagorar wasan opera na Italiya ne ya gudanar da wasan. Kuma sake, taron sirri yana ƙayyade makomar actress. A kan shawarar Serafina ne aka gayyaci Callas zuwa Venice. Anan, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, tana yin rawar take a cikin operas "Turandot" na G. Puccini da "Tristan da Isolde" na R. Wagner.
Da alama a cikin sassan opera Kalas yana rayuwa guda na rayuwarsa. A lokaci guda kuma ta nuna makomar mata gaba ɗaya, soyayya da wahala, farin ciki da baƙin ciki.
A cikin shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo a duniya - Milan's "La Scala" - Callas ya bayyana a 1951, yana yin ɓangaren Elena a cikin "Sicilian Vespers" na G. Verdi.
Shahararren mawakin nan Mario Del Monaco ya tuna:
“Na sadu da Callas a Roma, jim kaɗan bayan ta zo daga Amirka, a gidan Maestro Serafina, kuma na tuna cewa ta rera wasu ayoyi daga Turandot a can. Tunanina ba shine mafi kyau ba. Tabbas, Callas sauƙin jimre da duk matsalolin murya, amma sikelinta bai ba da ra'ayi na zama kama ba. Tsaki-tsaki da ƙasa sun kasance cikin guttural kuma masu tsayi suna rawar jiki.
Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru, Maria Callas gudanar ya juya ta shortcomings cikin virtues. Sun zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na halayenta na fasaha kuma, a wata ma'ana, sun haɓaka aikinta na asali. Maria Callas ta yi nasarar kafa nata salon. A karo na farko na rera waka da ita a watan Agusta 1948 a Genoese gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Carlo Felice", yin "Turandot" karkashin jagorancin Cuesta, da kuma bayan shekara guda, tare da ita, kazalika da Rossi-Lemenyi da Maestro Serafin. Mun je Buenos Aires…
Dawowa Italiya, ta rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da La Scala don Aida, amma Milanese ba ta da sha'awa sosai. Irin wannan mummunan yanayi zai karya kowa sai Maria Callas. Wasiyyarta zata iya dacewa da baiwarta. Na tuna, alal misali, yadda, da yake ba ta da hangen nesa sosai, ta sauko daga matakan zuwa Turandot, tana lanƙwasa matakan da ƙafarta a zahiri ta yadda babu wanda zai taɓa tunanin gazawarta. A kowane hali, ta kasance kamar tana fada da kowa a kusa da ita.
Wata Fabrairu da yamma a shekara ta 1951, zaune a cikin cafe "Biffy Scala" bayan wasan kwaikwayo na "Aida" wanda De Sabata ya jagoranta kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar abokina Constantina Araujo, muna magana da darektan La Scala Ghiringelli da babban sakataren kungiyar. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Oldani game da abin da Opera ita ce hanya mafi kyau don buɗe kakar wasa ta gaba… Ghiringelli ya tambaya ko ina tsammanin Norma zai dace da buɗe kakar wasa, na amsa da gaske. Amma De Sabata har yanzu bai kuskura ya zabi mai wasan kwaikwayo na babban bangaren mata ba… Tsananin dabi'a, De Sabata, kamar Giringelli, ya guji amincewa da dangantaka da mawaƙa. Amma duk da haka ya juyo gareni da alamar tambaya a fuskarsa.
"Maria Callas," Na amsa ba tare da jinkiri ba. De Sabata, mai baƙin ciki, ya tuna da kasawar Maryamu a Aida. Duk da haka, na tsaya tsayin daka, yana cewa a cikin "Norma" Kallas zai zama gano gaskiya. Na tuna yadda ta yi nasara kan rashin son masu sauraron gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Colon ta hanyar gyara rashin nasararta a Turandot. De Sabata ya amince. Da alama, wani ya riga ya kira shi da sunan Kalas, kuma ra'ayina ya yanke shawara.
An yanke shawarar buɗe kakar kuma tare da Sicilian Vespers, inda ban shiga ba, tunda bai dace da muryata ba. A cikin wannan shekarar, al'amarin Maria Meneghini-Callas ya tashi a matsayin sabon tauraro a cikin tashar opera ta duniya. Halayen mataki, basirar waƙa, gwanintar wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki - duk wannan dabi'a ce ta ba da Callas, kuma ta zama mafi kyawun adadi. Mariya ta hau hanyar kishiya tare da matashi kuma tauraruwa mai tsananin ƙarfi - Renata Tebaldi.
Shekarar 1953 ita ce farkon wannan fafatawa, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru goma ana yi, ya kuma raba duniyar opera zuwa sansani biyu.
Babban darektan Italiyanci L. Visconti ya ji Callas a karon farko a cikin rawar Kundry a Wagner's Parsifal. Da yake sha'awar hazakar mawakiyar, darektan a lokaci guda ya ja hankali game da rashin dabi'ar halayenta. Mai zane kamar yadda ya tuno, yana sanye da wata katuwar hula, wacce gefenta ya karkata zuwa bangarori daban-daban, ya hana ta gani da motsi. Visconti ya ce a ransa: “Idan na taɓa yin aiki da ita, ba za ta sha wahala sosai ba, zan kula da ita.”
A shekara ta 1954, irin wannan damar ta gabatar da kanta: a La Scala, darektan, wanda ya riga ya shahara, ya fara wasan opera na farko - Spontini's Vestal, tare da Maria Callas a cikin rawar take. An bi shi da sababbin abubuwan samarwa, ciki har da "La Traviata" a kan wannan mataki, wanda ya zama farkon sanannun Callas na duniya. Mawaƙin da kanta ya rubuta daga baya: “Lucino Visconti alama ce ta sabon muhimmin mataki a rayuwata ta fasaha. Ba zan taɓa mantawa da aiki na uku na La Traviata, wanda shi ya shirya. Na hau kan mataki kamar bishiyar Kirsimeti, na yi ado kamar jarumar Marcel Proust. Ba tare da zaƙi ba, ba tare da ɓacin rai ba. Sa’ad da Alfred ya jefar da kuɗi a fuskata, ban sunkuyar da kai ba, ban gudu ba: Na ci gaba da zama a kan dandamali da hannuwa a miƙe, kamar in ce wa jama’a: “A gaban ku marar kunya ne.” Visconti ne ya koya mini yin wasa a kan mataki, kuma ina da ƙauna mai zurfi da godiya a gare shi. Akwai hotuna guda biyu kawai akan piano na - Luchino da soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, waɗanda, saboda ƙaunar fasaha, suka koya mana duka. Mun yi aiki tare da Visconti a cikin yanayi na al'ummar kirkire-kirkire na gaskiya. Amma, kamar yadda na sha fada, abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne shi ne ya fara ba ni tabbacin cewa binciken da na yi a baya ya yi daidai. Ya zarge ni don alamu daban-daban waɗanda suka yi kama da kyau ga jama'a, amma akasin yanayina, ya sa na sake tunani sosai, na amince da ƙa'idar asali: matsakaicin yin aiki da bayyana murya tare da ƙarancin amfani da motsi.
Masu kallo masu ɗorewa sun ba Callas lambar yabo ta La Divina - Divine, wanda ta riƙe ko da bayan mutuwarta.
Da sauri ƙware duk sababbin jam'iyyun, ta yi a Turai, Kudancin Amirka, Mexico. Jerin ayyukanta suna da ban mamaki da gaske: daga Isolde a Wagner da Brunhilde a cikin wasan operas na Gluck da Haydn zuwa sassan gama gari na kewayonta - Gilda, Lucia a cikin operas na Verdi da Rossini. Callas ana kiransa mai farfaɗo da salon waƙar bel canto.
Fassarar da ta yi na rawar Norma a cikin wasan opera na Bellini mai suna iri ɗaya abin lura ne. Ana ɗaukar Callas ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu yin wannan rawar. Wataƙila ta fahimci dangantakarta ta ruhaniya tare da wannan jaruma da yuwuwar muryarta, Callas ta rera wannan bangare a yawancin wasanninta na farko - a Covent Garden a London a 1952, sannan a kan mataki na Lyric Opera a Chicago a 1954.
A cikin 1956, nasara tana jiran ta a cikin garin da aka haife ta - Opera ta Metropolitan ta shirya wani sabon shiri na Bellini's Norma don halarta na farko na Callas. Wannan bangare, tare da Lucia di Lammermoor a cikin wasan opera na Donizetti mai suna iri ɗaya, masu sukar waɗannan shekarun suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi girman nasarorin mai zane. Duk da haka, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don ware mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin kirtani na repertory. Gaskiyar ita ce, Callas ta kusanci kowane sabon matsayinta tare da ban mamaki har ma da ɗan ƙaramin nauyi na opera prima donnas. Hanyar ba zato ba tsammani ta kasance baƙo gare ta. Ta yi aiki naciya, cikin tsari, tare da cikakken ƙarfin ruhi da na hankali. Sha'awar kamala ne ya jagorance ta, don haka rashin daidaituwar ra'ayoyinta, imani, da ayyukanta. Duk wannan ya haifar da rikici marar iyaka tsakanin Kalas da hukumar wasan kwaikwayo, 'yan kasuwa, da kuma wani lokacin abokan hulɗa.
Shekaru goma sha bakwai, Callas ya yi waƙa kusan ba tare da jin tausayin kanta ba. Ta yi kusan sassa arba'in, inda ta yi a kan mataki fiye da sau 600. Bugu da ƙari, ta ci gaba da yin rikodin rikodin, yin rikodin kide-kide na musamman, rera waƙa a rediyo da talabijin.
Callas akai-akai ana yi a La Scala na Milan (1950-1958, 1960-1962), Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Covent Garden na London (tun 1962), Chicago Opera (tun 1954), da New York Metropolitan Opera (1956-1958). ). Masu sauraro sun je wasan kwaikwayo nata ba kawai don jin kyakkyawar soprano ba, amma har ma don ganin wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na gaske. Ayyukan shahararrun sassa kamar Violetta a cikin Verdi's La Traviata, Tosca a cikin wasan opera na Puccini ko Carmen ya kawo nasarar nasara. Duk da haka, ba a cikin halinta ba ne ta kasance mai iyaka. Godiya ga binciken bincikenta na fasaha, yawancin misalai da aka manta na kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth sun zo rayuwa a kan mataki - Spontini's Vestal, Bellini's Pirate, Haydn's Orpheus da Eurydice, Iphigenia a Aulis, da Gluck's Alceste, Turk a Italiya da "Armida ” na Rossini, “Medea” na Cherubini…
Lo Hakobyan ya rubuta cewa: "Waƙar Kallas ta kasance juyin juya hali da gaske," in ji LO Hakobyan, - ta yi nasarar farfado da sabon abu na "mara iyaka", ko "free", soprano (ita. manyan mawaƙa na karni na 1953 - J. Taliya, M. Malibran, Giulia Grisi (kamar kewayon octaves biyu da rabi, sauti mai ban sha'awa da fasaha mai kyau na launi a duk rajista), da kuma "lalacewar" na musamman ( girgizar da ya wuce kima akan mafi girman bayanin kula, ba koyaushe sautin yanayi na bayanan riƙon ƙwarya ba). Bugu da ƙari, muryar wani timbre na musamman, wanda za a iya gane shi nan da nan, Callas yana da babbar baiwa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tausayi. Saboda matsanancin damuwa, gwaje-gwaje masu haɗari tare da lafiyarta (a cikin 3, ta rasa kilogiram 30 a cikin watanni 1965), kuma saboda yanayin rayuwarta, aikin mawaƙa ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci. Callas ya bar mataki a cikin XNUMX bayan wasan da bai yi nasara ba kamar Tosca a Covent Garden.
“Na kafa wasu ƙa’idodi, kuma na yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da zan rabu da jama’a. Idan na dawo, zan sake farawa duka, ”in ji ta a lokacin.
Sunan Maria Callas duk da haka ya bayyana akai-akai a kan shafukan jaridu da mujallu. Kowane mutum, musamman, yana da sha'awar abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwarta na sirri - aure ga multimillionaire Onassis na Girka.
A baya can, daga 1949 zuwa 1959, Maria ta auri wani lauya ɗan ƙasar Italiya, J.-B. Meneghini kuma na ɗan lokaci ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin suna biyu - Meneghini-Kallas.
Callas yana da alaƙa mara daidaituwa da Onassis. Suka haɗu suka rikiɗe, Mariya ma za ta haihu, amma ta kasa cece shi. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ba ta ƙare cikin aure ba: Onassis ya auri matar shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline.
Yanayin rashin natsuwa yana jan hankalin ta zuwa hanyoyin da ba a san su ba. Don haka, ta koyar da waƙa a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Juilliard, ta sanya wasan opera na Verdi “Sicilian Vespers” a Turin, kuma tana yin fim a 1970 fim ɗin “Medea” na Paolo Pasolini…
Pasolini ya rubuta mai ban sha'awa sosai game da salon wasan kwaikwayo: "Na ga Callas - mace ta zamani wacce tsohuwar mace ta rayu, baƙon abu, mai sihiri, tare da rikice-rikice na ciki."
A watan Satumba na 1973, "postlude" na aikin fasaha na Kalas ya fara. An sake rakiyar raye-rayen kide-kide da dama a birane daban-daban na Turai da Amurka tare da jinjina ma masu sauraro. Masu sharhi masu kama, duk da haka, sun lura da kyau cewa tafi ya fi magana ga "labari" fiye da mawaƙa na 70s. Amma duk wannan bai damun mawakin ba. "Ba ni da wani zagi da ya fi kaina," in ji ta. – Tabbas, tsawon shekaru na yi hasarar wani abu, amma na sami sabon abu… Jama'a ba za su yaba wa almara kawai ba. Watakila ta yaba saboda abin da take tsammani ya cika ta wata hanya ko wata. Kuma kotun jama'a ita ce mafi adalci…”
Wataƙila babu sabani ko kaɗan. Mun yarda da masu dubawa: masu sauraro sun hadu kuma sun ga "labarin" tare da tafi. Amma sunan wannan almara shine Maria Callas…
