Lyubomir Pipkov |

Lyubomir Pipkov

L. Pipkov shine "mawaƙin da ke haifar da tasiri" (D. Shostakovich), shugaban makarantar mawaƙa na Bulgaria, wanda ya kai matakin ƙwarewar Turai na zamani kuma ya sami amincewar duniya. Pipkov ya girma a cikin dimokuradiyya masu tasowa masu hankali, a cikin iyalin mawaƙa. Mahaifinsa Panayot Pipkov yana ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na ƙwararrun waƙar Bulgaria, marubucin waƙa wanda ya yadu a cikin da'irar juyin juya hali. Daga mahaifinsa, mawaƙin nan gaba ya gaji kyautarsa ​​da manufofin jama'a - yana da shekaru 20 ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali, ya shiga cikin ayyukan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta karkashin kasa, yana jefa 'yancinsa, wani lokacin kuma rayuwarsa.

A tsakiyar 20s. Pipkov dalibi ne na Kwalejin Kiɗa na Jiha a Sofia. Yana yin wasan piano, kuma gwaje-gwajensa na farko na shirya su ma sun ta'allaka ne a fagen kere-kere na piano. Wani matashi mai hazaka ya sami gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Paris - anan cikin 1926-32. ya yi karatu a Ecole Normale tare da shahararren mawaki Paul Duc da malama Nadia Boulanger. Pipkov da sauri girma a cikin wani tsanani artist, kamar yadda shaida ta farko balagagge opuses: Concerto for Winds, Percussion da Piano (1931), String Quartet (1928, shi ne kullum na farko Bulgarian quartet), shirye-shirye na jama'a songs. Amma babban nasarar wadannan shekaru shi ne opera The Nine Brothers na Yana, wanda aka fara a 1929 kuma ya kammala bayan ya koma ƙasarsa a 1932. Pipkov ya kirkiro wasan opera na farko na Bulgarian gargajiya, wanda masana tarihi na kiɗa suka gane a matsayin babban aiki, wanda ya nuna alamar juyawa. batu a cikin tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bulgarian music. A wancan zamanin, mawaƙi zai iya ƙunsar ra'ayin zamantakewa na zamani kawai, bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, yana nufin aikin zuwa karni na XIV mai nisa. A kan tushen almara da poetic abu, an bayyana jigon gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, da farko a cikin rikici tsakanin 'yan'uwa biyu - mugun hassada Georgy Groznik da talented artist Angel, wanda aka lalatar da shi, mai haske. rai. Wani wasan kwaikwayo na sirri yana tasowa a cikin bala'i na kasa, domin yana bayyana a cikin zurfin yawan jama'a, fama da azzalumai na kasashen waje, daga annoba da ta addabi kasar ... Zana abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin da, Pipkov, duk da haka, yana cikin ka tuna da bala'in zamaninsa. An kirkiro wasan opera ne bisa sabbin matakai na boren kin jinin gwamnatin Fascist na watan Satumba na shekarar 1923 wanda ya girgiza kasar baki daya kuma hukumomi suka murkushe su da mugun nufi - lokacin ne da yawa daga cikin fitattun mutanen kasar suka mutu, lokacin da wani dan Bulgaria ya kashe dan Bulgaria. An fahimci topicality nan da nan bayan farko a 1937 - sannan masu sukar hukuma sun zargi Pipkov da " farfagandar 'yan gurguzu ", sun rubuta cewa opera ana kallonsa a matsayin zanga-zangar "a tsarin zamantakewa na yau", wato, adawa da tsarin mulkin Fasist na monarchical. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, mawaƙin ya yarda cewa haka lamarin yake, ya nemi a wasan opera “don bayyana gaskiyar rayuwa mai cike da hikima, gogewa da bangaskiya a nan gaba, bangaskiyar da ta wajaba don yaƙar farkisanci.” "Yan'uwan Yana Nine" wasan kwaikwayo ne na kade-kade mai ban sha'awa tare da yare mai ma'ana, cike da bambance-bambance masu yawa, tare da fa'idodin taron jama'a wanda za a iya gano tasirin fage na M. Mussorgsky na "Boris Godunov". Kiɗa na opera, da kuma duk abubuwan da Pipkov ya yi a gabaɗaya, an bambanta su ta hanyar halayyar ƙasa mai haske.

Daga cikin ayyukan da Pipkov ya amsa ga jaruntaka da bala'i na tashin hankalin Satumba na anti-fascist shine cantata The Wedding (1935), wanda ya kira taron mawaƙa da mawaƙa na juyin juya hali na mawaƙa da mawaƙa, da kuma ballad ballad The Horsemen (1929). Dukansu an rubuta su akan Art. babban mawaki N. Furnadzhiev.

Dawowa daga Paris, Pipkov yana cikin kiɗa da zamantakewar ƙasarsa. A 1932, tare da abokan aikinsa da kuma takwarorinsu P. Vladigerov, P. Staynov, V. Stoyanov da sauransu, ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Modern Music Society, wanda ya hada duk wani ci gaba a cikin Rasha mawaki makaranta, wanda aka fuskanci ta farko. high tashi. Pipkov kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai sukar kiɗa da talla. A cikin labarin shirin "A kan Bulgarian Musical Style", ya bayar da hujjar cewa mawaƙi kerawa ya kamata ci gaba a cikin layi tare da zamantakewa aiki art da kuma cewa tushen shi ne aminci ga jama'a ra'ayin. Muhimmancin zamantakewa shine halayen mafi yawan manyan ayyukan maigidan. A cikin 1940, ya kirkiro Symphony na farko - wannan shine na farko da gaske na kasa a Bulgaria, wanda aka haɗa a cikin al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa, babban wasan kwaikwayo na ra'ayi. Yana nuna yanayin ruhaniya na zamanin yakin basasar Spain da farkon yakin duniya na biyu. Ma'anar wasan kwaikwayo shine asalin asali na ƙasa na sanannun ra'ayin "ta hanyar gwagwarmaya zuwa nasara" - wanda aka haɗa bisa ga hotuna da salon Bulgarian, bisa ga alamu na al'ada.

Wasan opera na biyu na Pipkov "Momchil" (sunan gwarzo na kasa, shugaban haiduks) an halicce shi a cikin 1939-43, wanda aka kammala a 1948. Ya nuna yanayin kishin ƙasa da haɓaka dimokuradiyya a cikin al'ummar Bulgaria a farkon shekarun 40s. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kiɗa na jama'a, tare da rubutaccen haske, siffar mutane da yawa. Wuri mai mahimmanci yana mamaye filin wasan kwaikwayo na jarumtaka, ana amfani da yaren jama'a, musamman ma waƙar juyin juya hali - a nan ya haɗu da ainihin tushen tarihin al'adun gargajiya. Ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo-symphonist da ƙasa mai zurfi na salon salon, halayyar Pipkov, an kiyaye su. Wasan opera, wanda aka fara nunawa a shekarar 1948 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sofia, ya zama alama ta farko ta sabon mataki na ci gaban al'adun kade-kade na Bulgaria, matakin da ya zo bayan juyin juya halin 9 ga Satumba, 1944 da kuma shigar kasar cikin tafarkin ci gaban gurguzu. .

Mawaƙin demokraɗiyya, ɗan kwaminisanci, tare da ɗabi'a mai kyau na zamantakewa, Pipkov yana ƙaddamar da aiki mai ƙarfi. Shi ne darektan farko na farfado da Sofia Opera (1944-48), sakataren farko na Union of Bulgarian Composers da aka kafa a 1947 (194757). Tun 1948 ya kasance farfesa a Cibiyar Conservatory ta Bulgaria. A wannan lokacin, jigon zamani yana tabbatar da karfi a cikin aikin Pipkov. Wasan opera Antigone-43 (1963) ta bayyana a sarari, wanda ya kasance har wa yau mafi kyawun wasan opera na Bulgaria kuma ɗayan mafi mahimmancin wasan operas akan batun zamani a cikin kiɗan Turai, da kuma oratori A Lokacin Mu (1959). Wani mai fasaha mai mahimmanci ya ɗaga muryarsa a nan game da yakin - ba wanda ya wuce ba, amma wanda ya sake yin barazana ga mutane. Wadatar abubuwan da ke cikin hankali na oratorio yana ƙayyade ƙarfin zuciya da kaifi na bambance-bambance, yanayin sauyawa - daga kalmomin sirri na haruffa daga soja zuwa ƙaunataccensa zuwa mummunan hoto na halakar gabaɗaya sakamakon fashewar atomic, zuwa mummunan hoton yara matattu, tsuntsaye masu zubar da jini. Wani lokaci oratorio yana samun ikon wasan kwaikwayo na tasiri.

Matashin jarumar wasan opera "Antigone-43" - 'yar makaranta Anna, kamar Antigone sau ɗaya, ya shiga cikin duel na jaruntaka tare da hukumomi. Anna-Antigone ta fito daga gwagwarmayar da ba ta dace ba a matsayin mai nasara, ko da yake ta sami wannan nasara ta ɗabi'a a kan rayuwarta. Kiɗa na opera sananne ne don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, asali, dabarar haɓakar tunani na sassan murya, wanda salon tashin hankali ya mamaye. Wasan wasan kwaikwayo yana da rikice-rikice sosai, daɗaɗɗen yanayin faɗuwar duel halayen wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da taƙaitaccen, kamar bazara, tsattsauran ra'ayi na kaɗe-kaɗe, ana adawa da tsaka-tsakin almara na choral - wannan shine, kamar yadda yake, muryar mutane, tare da ta. tunani na falsafa da kimar da'a na abin da ke faruwa.

A ƙarshen 60s - farkon 70s. Wani sabon mataki da aka kayyade a cikin aikin Pipkov: daga jaruntaka da kuma ban tausayi Concepts na jama'a sauti, akwai wani taba mafi girma bi da bi zuwa lyrical-psychological, falsafa da kuma al'amurran da suka shafi, na musamman na hankali sophistication na lyrics. Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun sune Waƙoƙi Biyar akan Art. mawaƙa na ƙasashen waje (1964) don bass, soprano da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Concerto don clarinet tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma Quartet na uku tare da timpani (1966), lyrical-meditative kashi biyu na Symphony na huɗu don ƙungiyar makaɗar kirtani (1970), zagayowar ɗaki a St. M. Tsvetaeva "Waƙoƙin da aka ɗora" (1972), hawan keke na guda don piano. A cikin salon ayyukan Pipkov na baya, akwai sabuntawar sabuntawa na iyawar sa, yana wadatar da shi tare da sabbin hanyoyin. Mawakin ya yi nisa. A kowane juzu'i na juyin halittarsa, ya warware sabbin ayyuka masu dacewa ga makarantar ƙasa baki ɗaya, yana ba da hanyar zuwa gaba.

R. Leites

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo – ‘Yan’uwa Tara na Yana (Yaninite ɗan’uwan budurwa, 1937, Sofia folk opera), Momchil (1948, ibid.), Antigone-43 (1963, ibid.); ga mawakan solo, mawaka da makada - Oratorio game da lokacinmu (Oratorio don lokacinmu, 1959), 3 cantatas; don makada - 4 symphonies (1942, sadaukar da yakin basasa a Spain; 1954; don kirtani., 2 fp., ƙaho da percussion; 1969, don kirtani), bambancin don kirtani. Orc. akan taken wakar Albaniya (1953); kide kide da wake-wake - za fp. (1956), Skr. (1951), Darasi. (1969), clarinet da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. da percussion (1967), conc. Symphony don vlc. da Orc. (1960); concerto na iska, percussion da piano. (1931); dakin-kayan aiki ensembles - sonata don Skr. kuma fp. (1929), 3 igiyoyi. kwata (1928, 1948, 1966); don piano – Kundin yara (Albam din yara, 1936), Pastoral (1944) da sauran wasannin kwaikwayo, zagayowar (tarin); kujeru, gami da zagayowar wakoki 4 (na mawakan mata, 1972); wakokin taro da na solo, gami da na yara; kiɗa don fina-finai.