Al'adun kiɗa na Baroque: kayan ado, hotuna masu fasaha, nau'ikan, salon kiɗa, mawaƙa

Shin, kun san cewa zamanin da ya ba mu Bach da Handel ana kiransa "m"? Bugu da ƙari, ba a kira su a cikin yanayi mai kyau ba. "Lu'u lu'u-lu'u na siffar da ba daidai ba (m)" yana ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar kalmar "Baroque". Duk da haka, sabon al'ada zai zama kuskure daga ra'ayi na manufofin Renaissance: jituwa, sauƙi da tsabta an maye gurbinsu da rashin daidaituwa, hotuna masu rikitarwa da siffofi.

Baroque aesthetics

Al'adun kiɗa na Baroque sun haɗu da kyau da mummuna, bala'i da ban dariya. "Kwayoyin da ba su dace ba" sun kasance "a cikin yanayin", maye gurbin dabi'ar Renaissance. Duniya ba ta zama kamar cikakke ba, amma an ɗauke ta a matsayin duniya mai bambanci da sabani, a matsayin duniya mai cike da bala'i da wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, akwai bayanin tarihi game da wannan.

Zamanin Baroque ya kai kimanin shekaru 150: daga 1600 zuwa 1750. Wannan shi ne lokacin manyan binciken kasa (ku tuna da binciken Amurka ta Columbus da Magellan ta kewaya duniya), lokacin da aka sami ƙwaƙƙwaran binciken kimiyya na Galileo, Copernicus da Newton. lokacin munanan yaƙe-yaƙe a Turai. Jituwar duniya tana rugujewa a gaban idanunmu, kamar yadda hoton sararin duniya ya canza, tunanin lokaci da sararin samaniya suna canzawa.

nau'ikan Baroque

Sabuwar salo don pretentiousness ya haifar da sababbin siffofi da nau'o'i. Ya sami damar isar da rikitacciyar duniyar abubuwan abubuwan ɗan adam wasan kwaikwayo, yafi ta hanyar m arias. Uban wasan opera na farko ana ɗaukarsa Jacopo Peri (opera Eurydice), amma dai a matsayin nau'in wasan opera ne ya kasance cikin ayyukan Claudio Monteverdi (Orpheus). Daga cikin shahararrun sunaye na nau'in wasan opera na baroque kuma an san su: A. Scarlatti (opera "Nero wanda ya zama Kaisar"), GF Telemann ("Mario"), G. Purcell ("Dido da Aeneas"), J.-B. . Lully ("Armide"), GF Handel ("Julius Caesar"), GB Pergolesi ("Maid -madam"), A. Vivaldi ("Farnak").

Kusan kamar wasan opera, ba tare da kyan gani da kaya ba, tare da makircin addini. bakance Ya ɗauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin matsayi na Baroque nau'ikan. Irin wannan babban nau'in ruhi kamar oratori shima yana isar da zurfin motsin ɗan adam. GF Handel (“Almasihu”) ne ya rubuta mafi shaharar oratorios na baroque.

Daga cikin nau'o'in kiɗa na alfarma, na alfarma ma sun shahara cantatas и so (sha'awar "sha'awa"; watakila ba zuwa ga ma'ana ba, amma kawai idan, bari mu tuna daya tushen kalmar kiɗa - appassionato, wanda aka fassara zuwa Rashanci yana nufin "mai sha'awar"). Anan dabino na JS Bach ne ("St. Matta Passion").

Wani babban nau'i na zamanin - concert. Wasa mai kaifi na bambance-bambance, fafatawa tsakanin mawaƙin soloist da ƙungiyar makaɗa (), ko tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙungiyar makaɗa (nau'i) - ya dace sosai da kyawawan abubuwan Baroque. Maestro A. Vivaldi ("Lokaci"), IS ta yi mulki a nan. Bach "Bradenburg Concertos"), GF Handel da A. Corelli (Concerto grosso).

An ɓullo da ƙa'idar da ta bambanta da musanya sassa daban-daban ba kawai a cikin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ba. Ya kafa tushe sonata (D. Scarlatti), suites da partitas (JS Baka). Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan ka'ida ta wanzu a baya, amma kawai a zamanin Baroque ya daina zama bazuwar kuma ya sami tsari mai tsari.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen al'adun kiɗa na Baroque shine hargitsi da tsari a matsayin alamun lokaci. Bazuwar rayuwa da mutuwa, rashin kulawa da rabo, kuma a lokaci guda - nasara na "hankali", tsari a cikin komai. An fi isar da wannan ƙiyayya ta hanyar nau'in kiɗan yi la'akari (toccatas, fantasies) da kuma gidajen abinci. IS Bach ta ƙirƙiri ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin wannan nau'in (preludes da fugues na Clavier mai zafin rai, Toccata da Fugue a cikin ƙaramin D).

Kamar yadda ya biyo baya daga nazarinmu, bambancin Baroque ya bayyana kansa har ma a cikin ma'auni na nau'i. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira, an ƙirƙiri opuses laconic.

Harshen kiɗa na Baroque

Zamanin Baroque ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka sabon salon rubutu. Shiga filin kiɗa luwadi tare da rarraba ta zuwa babbar murya da kuma masu raka'a.

Musamman, shaharar luwadi kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa Ikilisiya tana da buƙatu na musamman don rubuta abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na ruhaniya: dole ne dukkan kalmomi su kasance masu iya karantawa. Don haka, muryoyin sun fito a gaba, suna kuma samun kayan ado na kiɗa da yawa. The Baroque penchant ga pretentiousness bayyana kanta a nan ma.

Kaɗe-kaɗen kayan aiki ma sun wadata a kayan ado. Dangane da haka, ya yadu sosai improvisation: ostinato (wato, maimaitawa, mara canzawa) bass, wanda zamanin Baroque ya gano, ya ba da damar yin tunani don jerin jituwa da aka ba su. A cikin kiɗan murya, dogayen jakunkuna da sarƙoƙi na bayanin alheri da trills galibi ana ƙawata operatic aria.

A lokaci guda kuma, ta bunƙasa polyphony, amma a gaba daya daban-daban shugabanci. Baroque polyphony shine nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'.

Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban harshe na kiɗa shine ɗaukar tsarin zafin jiki da kuma samar da tonality. An bayyana manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a sarari – manya da kanana.

Ya shafi ka'idar

Tun da kida na zamanin Baroque ya yi aiki don bayyana sha'awar ɗan adam, an sake bitar makasudin abun da ke ciki. Yanzu kowane abun da ke ciki yana da alaƙa da tasiri, wato, tare da wani yanayi na hankali. Ka'idar tasiri ba sabon abu ba ne; ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. Amma a zamanin Baroque ya zama tartsatsi.

Fushi, bakin ciki, murna, ƙauna, tawali'u - waɗannan tasirin sun haɗa da harshen kiɗa na abubuwan da aka tsara. Don haka, cikakkiyar tasirin farin ciki da jin daɗi an bayyana ta ta hanyar amfani da kashi uku, na huɗu da na biyar, ɗan gajeren lokaci da trimita a rubuce. Akasin haka, an sami tasirin baƙin ciki ta hanyar haɗakar da dissonances, chromaticism da jinkirin ɗan lokaci.

Akwai ma wani tasiri mai tasiri na tonalities, wanda manyan manyan E-flat suka haɗe tare da babban E-major suna adawa da ƙarami A-ƙananan da kuma G-manjor.

Maimakon tsarewa…

Al'adun kiɗa na Baroque yana da babban tasiri a kan ci gaban zamanin na gaba na classicism. Kuma ba kawai na wannan zamanin ba. Har yanzu, ana iya jin kararrakin Baroque a cikin nau'ikan wasan opera da kide-kide, wadanda suka shahara har yau. Kalamai daga kidan Bach suna fitowa a cikin solo na dutse mai nauyi, wakokin pop galibi sun dogara ne akan “jerin zinare” na baroque, kuma jazz ya ɗan ɗauki fasahar haɓakawa.

Kuma babu wanda ya ɗauki Baroque salon "bakon" kuma, amma yana sha'awar lu'ulu'u masu daraja. Ko da yake wani m siffar.