Ludwig (Louis) Spohr |

louis spohr

Spohr ya shiga tarihin kiɗa a matsayin fitaccen ɗan wasan violin kuma babban mawaƙi wanda ya rubuta operas, symphonies, concertos, ɗaki da ayyukan kayan aiki. Musamman shahararru su ne kade-kade na wake-wake na violin, wadanda suka yi aiki a cikin ci gaban nau'in a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin fasahar gargajiya da na soyayya. A cikin nau'in opera, Spohr, tare da Weber, Marschner da Lortzing, sun haɓaka al'adun Jamusanci na ƙasa.

Jagoran aikin Spohr ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, jin dadi. Gaskiya ne, wasan kwaikwayo na violin na farko har yanzu suna kusa da salon wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Viotti da Rode, amma waɗanda suka biyo baya, waɗanda suka fara da na shida, sun ƙara zama masu soyayya. Haka abin ya faru a operas. A cikin mafi kyawun su - "Faust" (a kan makircin almara na jama'a) da "Jessonde" - a wasu hanyoyi har ma ya yi tsammanin "Lohengrin" na R. Wagner da wakokin soyayya na F. Liszt.

Amma daidai "wani abu". Kwarewar Spohr a matsayin mawaki ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma ba ta asali ba, kuma ba ta da ƙarfi. A cikin kiɗan, soyayyar sa na jin daɗi ta yi karo da ƙwanƙwasa, tunani na Jamus zalla, yana kiyaye ƙa'ida da hankali na salon gargajiya. Schiller's "gwagwarmayar ji" baƙon abu ne ga Spohr. Stendhal ya rubuta cewa soyayyarsa ta bayyana "ba mai sha'awar Werther ba, amma ruhu mai tsarki na burger Jamus".

R. Wagner ya amsa Stendhal. Da yake kira Weber da Spohr fitattun mawakan wasan opera na Jamus, Wagner ya hana su ikon sarrafa muryar ɗan adam kuma ya ɗauki basirarsu ba ta da zurfi don cin nasara a fagen wasan kwaikwayo. A ra'ayinsa, yanayin basirar Weber shine kawai lyrical, yayin da Spohr's yana da kyan gani. Amma babban koma bayansu shine koyo: "Oh, wannan la'ananne koyo namu shine tushen dukan muguntar Jamus!" Karatu ne, aikin motsa jiki da mutuntawa wanda ya taɓa sanya M. Glinka cikin mamaki ya kira Spohr "kocin horar da aikin Jamus mai ƙarfi."

Duk da haka, ko da irin ƙarfin da siffofin burgers suka kasance a Spohr, ba daidai ba ne a yi la'akari da shi wani nau'i na ginshiƙi na falsafanci da falsafanci a cikin kiɗa. A cikin hali na Spohr da ayyukansa akwai wani abu da ya saba wa falsafanci. Ba za a iya hana Spur ɗaukaka, tsarkin ruhi da ɗaukaka ba, musamman abin sha'awa a lokacin sha'awar nagarta. Spohr bai ɓata fasahar da yake ƙauna ba, yana mai tsananin bijirewa abin da ya yi kama da shi na ƙarami da rashin kunya, yana ba da dandano mai tushe. Masu zamani sun yaba da matsayinsa. Weber ya rubuta labaran tausayi game da wasan kwaikwayo na Spohr; Spohr's Symphony "Albarkar Sauti" VF Odoevsky ya kira shi mai ban mamaki; Liszt yana gudanar da Spohr's Faust a Weimar a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1852. "A cewar G. Moser, waƙoƙin matashin Schumann sun nuna tasirin Spohr." Spohr yana da dangantaka mai tsawo da Schumann.

An haifi Spohr a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1784. Mahaifinsa likita ne kuma yana son kiɗa; ya buga sarewa da kyau, mahaifiyarsa ta buga garaya.

Ƙarfin kiɗan ɗan ya bayyana da wuri. Spohr ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwar sa cewa: “Ni da baiwar muryar soprano, na fara rera waƙa kuma na yi shekara huɗu ko biyar aka ƙyale ni in yi waƙa da mahaifiyata a liyafa ta iyali. A wannan lokacin, mahaifina, ya bi son zuciyata, ya saya mini violin a wurin baje kolin, inda na fara wasa ba kakkautawa.

Da suka lura da baiwar yaron, iyayensa suka tura shi karatu tare da wani Bafaranshe mai hijira, mai son violin Dufour, amma ba da daɗewa ba suka koma wurin ƙwararren malami Mokur, shugaban ƙungiyar makaɗar Duke na Brunswick.

Wasan matashin violin ya yi haske sosai, iyaye da malamin sun yanke shawarar gwada sa'ar su tare da samun damar yin wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg. Duk da haka, wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg bai faru ba, kamar yadda dan wasan violin mai shekaru 13, ba tare da goyon baya da goyon bayan "masu iko", ya kasa jawo hankalin kansa ga kansa. Komawa Braunschweig, ya shiga ƙungiyar makaɗar Duke, kuma lokacin yana ɗan shekara 15, ya riga ya riƙe matsayin mawaƙin ɗakin kotu.

Kwarewar waƙar Spohr ta jawo hankalin duke, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai violin ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Vyboo ya fadi a kan malamai biyu - Viotti da shahararren dan wasan violin Friedrich Eck. An aika buƙatu ga duka biyun, kuma duka biyun sun ƙi. Viotti yayi magana game da gaskiyar cewa ya yi ritaya daga ayyukan kiɗa kuma ya shiga cikin cinikin giya; Eck ya nuna ci gaba da ayyukan kide-kide a matsayin cikas ga nazarin tsari. Amma maimakon kansa, Eck ya ba da shawarar ɗan'uwansa Franz, shi ma wasan kwaikwayo na virtuoso. Spohr ya yi aiki tare da shi har tsawon shekaru biyu (1802-1804).

Tare da malaminsa, Spohr ya tafi Rasha. A lokacin suka yi ta tuƙi a hankali, tare da dogayen tasha, waɗanda suke amfani da su wajen darussa. Spur ya sami malami mai tsaurin ra'ayi, wanda ya fara da canza matsayi na hannun damansa gaba daya. “Yau da safe,” Spohr ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa, “Afrilu 30 (1802—LR) Mista Eck ya fara nazari da ni. Amma, kash, nawa wulakanci! Ni, wanda ya zaci kaina ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararru na farko a Jamus, ba zan iya buga masa ko da ma'aunin da zai sa ya sami yardarsa ba. Akasin haka, sai da na maimaita kowane ma'auni a kalla sau goma don in gamsar da shi ta kowace hanya. Musamman ba ya son baka na, sake tsarin da ni kaina yanzu nake ganin ya zama dole. Tabbas, da farko zai yi mini wuya, amma ina fatan in jimre da wannan, saboda na tabbata cewa sake yin aikin zai kawo mini fa'ida sosai.

An yi imanin cewa za a iya haɓaka fasahar wasan ta hanyar sa'o'i masu yawa na motsa jiki. Spohr yayi aiki awanni 10 a rana. "Don haka na sami nasarar cimma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci irin wannan fasaha da amincewa da fasaha wanda a gare ni babu wani abu mai wahala a cikin sanannun kiɗan kide-kide." Daga baya zama malami, Spohr ya ba da mahimmanci ga lafiya da jimiri na ɗalibai.

A Rasha, Eck ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma Spohr, ya tilasta dakatar da darussa, ya koma Jamus. Shekarun karatu sun ƙare. A shekara ta 1805, Spohr ya zauna a Gotha, inda aka ba shi matsayi a matsayin mai kula da wasan kwaikwayo na opera. Ba da daɗewa ba ya auri Dorothy Scheidler, mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗiyar mawaƙin da ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Gothic. Matarsa ​​ta mallaki garaya sosai kuma an ɗauke ta ita ce mafi kyawun mawaƙa a Jamus. Daurin auren yayi dadi sosai.

A cikin 1812 Spohr ya yi a Vienna tare da nasara mai ban mamaki kuma an ba shi matsayin bandleader a gidan wasan kwaikwayo An der Wien. A Vienna, Spohr ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasan operas, Faust. An fara aiwatar da shi a Frankfurt a shekara ta 1818. Spohr ya zauna a Vienna har zuwa 1816, sannan ya koma Frankfurt, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da bandeji na tsawon shekaru biyu (1816-1817). Ya shafe shekara ta 1821 a Dresden, kuma daga 1822 ya zauna a Kassel, inda ya rike mukamin babban darektan waka.

A lokacin rayuwarsa, Spohr ya yi yawon shakatawa na kide-kide da yawa. Austria (1813), Italiya (1816-1817), London, Paris (1820), Holland (1835), kuma London, Paris, kawai a matsayin shugaba (1843) - a nan ne jerin abubuwan yawon shakatawa na kide-kide - wannan kari ne. zuwa yawon bude ido Jamus.

A cikin 1847, an gudanar da wani maraice na gala da aka sadaukar don bikin cika shekaru 25 na aikinsa a cikin Kassel Orchestra; a 1852 ya yi ritaya, yana mai da kansa gabaɗaya ga ilimin koyarwa. A cikin 1857, wani bala'i ya same shi: ya karya hannunsa; wannan ya tilasta masa daina ayyukan koyarwa. Bakin ciki da ya same shi ya karya nufin da lafiyar Spohr, wanda ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga fasaharsa, kuma, a fili, ya gaggauta mutuwarsa. Ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1859.

Spohr ya kasance mutum mai girman kai; ya ji haushi musamman idan an keta masa mutunci a matsayinsa na mai fasaha ta wata hanya. Da zarar an gayyace shi zuwa wani shagali a kotun Sarkin Württemberg. Sau da yawa ana yin irin waɗannan kade-kade a lokacin wasannin kati ko bukukuwan kotu. "Whist" da "Ina tafiya da katunan trump", wukake da cokula masu yatsa sun kasance wani nau'i na "rakiyar" ga wasan wasu manyan mawaƙa. An dauki kiɗa a matsayin nishaɗi mai daɗi wanda ya taimaka wajen narkewar manyan mutane. Spohr ya ƙi yin wasa sai dai idan an ƙirƙiri yanayin da ya dace.

Spohr ba zai iya jure halin ƙasƙantar da kai da ƙasƙantar da kai na manyan mutane ga masu fasaha ba. Ya faɗi cikin ɗaci a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa nawa sau da yawa har ma masu fasaha na aji na farko sun fuskanci wulakanci, suna magana da “yan tawayen aristocratic.” Ya kasance babban dan kishin kasa kuma mai tsananin son ci gaban kasarsa. A cikin 1848, a tsayin abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali, ya kirkiro sextet tare da sadaukarwa: "an rubuta… don dawo da haɗin kai da 'yanci na Jamus."

Maganganun Spohr sun shaida riko da shi ga ka'idoji, amma kuma ga ma'anar kyawawan halaye. Kasancewa mai adawa da halin kirki, bai yarda da Paganini da yanayinsa ba, duk da haka, yana ba da kyauta ga fasahar violin na babban Genoese. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya rubuta: “Na saurari Paganini da sha’awar sha’awa ga kide-kide guda biyu da ya yi a Kassel. Hannunsa na hagu da G kirtani suna da ban mamaki. Amma abubuwan da ya tsara, da kuma salon aikinsu, wani bakon cakude ne na hazaka tare da butulci na yara, marasa dadi, shi ya sa suke kamawa da tunkudewa.

Lokacin da Ole Buhl, "Scandinavian Paganini", ya zo Spohr, bai yarda da shi a matsayin dalibi ba, saboda ya yi imanin cewa ba zai iya shigar da shi a makarantarsa ​​ba, don haka baƙo ga yanayin kirki na basirarsa. Kuma a cikin 1838, bayan sauraron Ole Buhl a Kassel, ya rubuta cewa: "Ƙaƙwalwar wasansa da amincewar hannunsa na hagu suna da ban mamaki, amma yana sadaukarwa, kamar Paganini, saboda kunstshtuk, da sauran abubuwa masu yawa waɗanda suke da mahimmanci. cikin kayan aiki mai daraja.”

Mawaƙin da Spohr ya fi so shine Mozart ("Na rubuta kaɗan game da Mozart, saboda Mozart shine komai a gare ni"). Ga aikin Beethoven, ya kasance kusan mai sha'awar, ban da ayyukan da aka yi a lokacin ƙarshe, wanda bai fahimta ba kuma bai gane ba.

A matsayin dan wasan violin, Spohr ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Schleterer ya zana hoto mai zuwa game da wasan kwaikwayonsa: “Mutum mai girma ya shiga mataki, kai da kafadu sama da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Violin karkashin linzamin kwamfuta. Ya matso kusa da na'urar sa. Spohr bai taɓa yin wasa da zuciya ba, baya son ƙirƙirar alamar bautar haddar wani kiɗan kiɗan, wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa bai dace da taken mai fasaha ba. Lokacin da ya shiga cikin dandalin, ya sunkuyar da masu sauraro ba tare da girman kai ba, amma tare da mutunci da kuma blue idanu masu natsuwa ya kalli taron da suka taru. Ya rik'e violin gaba ɗaya cikin 'yanci, kusan ba tare da son rai ba, saboda abin da hannun dama ya ɗaga sama. A sautin farko, ya rinjayi duk masu sauraro. Karamin kayan da ke hannunsa kamar abin wasa ne a hannun wani kato. Yana da wuya a kwatanta da abin da 'yanci, ladabi da fasaha ya mallaka. Cikin natsuwa kamar an jefar da karfe, ya tsaya kan dandalin. Taushi da alherin motsinsa sun kasance marasa iyaka. Spur yana da babban hannu, amma ya haɗu da sassauci, elasticity da ƙarfi. Yatsu na iya nutsewa a kan igiyoyin tare da taurin karfe kuma a lokaci guda suna, idan ya cancanta, don wayar hannu ta yadda a cikin mafi sauƙi ba a rasa ko da trill guda ɗaya ba. Babu wani bugun jini da bai kware da kamala iri daya ba – faffadan faffadan sa na kwarai; abin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne sautin babban ƙarfi a cikin kagara, mai taushi da taushin murya a cikin waƙa. Bayan kammala wasan, Spohr ya sunkuyar da kansa cikin nutsuwa, tare da murmushi a fuskarsa ya bar fagen daga cikin guguwar tafawa mai kishin gaske. Babban ingancin wasan Spohr shine ingantaccen watsawa da tunani a cikin kowane daki-daki, ba tare da wani ɓata lokaci ba da ƙarancin kirki. Girman daraja da cikar fasaha sun bayyana hukuncinsa; a ko da yaushe ya nemi isar da wadancan yanayi na hankali da aka haifa a cikin mafi tsarkin nono na mutum.

An tabbatar da bayanin Schleterer ta wasu sake dubawa. Dalibin Spohr A. Malibran, wanda ya rubuta tarihin malaminsa, ya ambaci kyawawan bugun jini na Spohr, tsabtar fasahar yatsa, mafi kyawun sautin sauti kuma, kamar Schleterer, yana jaddada girma da sauƙi na wasansa. Spohr bai yarda da "shigarwa", glissando, coloratura, guje wa tsalle, tsalle tsalle. Ayyukansa na ilimi ne da gaske a mafi girman ma'anar kalmar.

Bai taba wasa da zuciya ba. Sa'an nan kuma ba a keɓance ga ka'ida ba; 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun yi a wuraren kide-kide tare da bayanin kula akan na'urar wasan bidiyo a gabansu. Koyaya, tare da Spohr, wannan ka'ida ta haifar da wasu ƙa'idodi masu kyau. Ya kuma tilasta wa ɗalibansa yin wasa kawai ta hanyar rubutu, yana jayayya cewa mai wasan violin da ke wasa da zuciya yana tuna masa aku yana amsa darasi da aka koya.

An san kadan game da repertoire na Spohr. A farkon shekarun, ban da ayyukansa, ya yi kide kide da wake-wake da Kreutzer, Rode, daga baya ya iyakance kansa, yafi ga nasa abubuwan.

A farkon karni na XNUMX, fitattun 'yan wasan violin sun gudanar da violin ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Alal misali, Ignaz Frenzel ya danna violin a kafadarsa tare da haƙarsa zuwa hagu na wutsiya, kuma Viotti a dama, wato, kamar yadda aka saba a yanzu; Spohr ya kwantar da kuncinsa akan gadar da kanta.

Sunan Spohr yana da alaƙa da wasu sabbin abubuwa a fagen wasan violin da gudanarwa. Don haka, shi ne ya kirkiri hutun hammata. Ko da mahimmin mahimmanci shine sabon sa a cikin fasahar gudanarwa. An yi la'akari da yin amfani da sandar. Ko ta yaya, yana daya daga cikin madugu na farko da suka fara amfani da sanda. A shekara ta 1810, a wurin bikin kiɗa na Frankenhausen, ya gudanar da wata sandar da aka naɗe daga takarda, kuma wannan hanyar da ba a san ta ba na jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ya jefa kowa cikin mamaki. Mawakan Frankfurt a cikin 1817 da London a cikin 1820s sun hadu da sabon salon ba tare da damuwa ba, amma nan da nan suka fara fahimtar fa'idodinsa.

Spohr malami ne na mashahurin Turai. Dalibai sun zo wurinsa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ya kafa wani nau'in ɗakin ajiyar gida. Ko daga kasar Rasha an aika masa da wani serf mai suna Encke. Spohr ya ilmantar da fiye da 140 manyan violin soloists da kide kide na makada.

Ilimin Spohr ya kasance na musamman. Dalibai sun so shi sosai. Tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin aji, ya zama mai son jama'a da ƙauna a wajen ajin. Tafiya ta haɗin gwiwa a cikin birni, tafiye-tafiye na ƙasa, tafiye-tafiye sun kasance gama gari. Spohr ya yi tafiya, ya kewaye shi da tarin dabbobinsa, ya shiga wasanni tare da su, ya koya musu yin iyo, ya kasance mai sauƙi, duk da cewa bai taba ketare layin ba lokacin da kusanci ya zama sananne, yana rage ikon malami a idanun masu karatu. dalibai.

Ya haɓaka ɗalibin ɗalibin ɗabi'a na musamman ga darussan. Na yi aiki tare da mafari kowane kwana 2, sannan na matsa zuwa darussa 3 a mako. A al'ada ta ƙarshe, ɗalibin ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen azuzuwan. Wajibi ne ga duk ɗalibai su yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar makaɗa. Spohr ya rubuta: "Mai wasan violin da bai sami ƙwarewar ƙungiyar kade-kade ba kamar ƙwararren ɗan wasan canary ne wanda ya yi kururuwa har ya yi kururuwa daga abin da aka koya," in ji Spohr. Shi da kansa ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, yana yin dabarun makaɗa, bugun jini, da dabaru.

Schleterer ya bar bayanin darasin Spohr. Yawancin lokaci yakan zauna a tsakiyar daki a kujera mai ƙarfi don ya ga almajiri, kuma koyaushe yana riƙe da violin a hannunsa. A lokacin darussa, yakan yi wasa tare da murya ta biyu ko kuma, idan ɗalibin bai yi nasara a wani wuri ba, ya nuna a kan kayan aikin yadda ake yin ta. Daliban sun yi iƙirarin cewa yin wasa da Spurs abin farin ciki ne sosai.

Spohr ya kasance mai zaɓe musamman game da innation. Babu wata alamar tambaya da ta kubuce daga kunnen sa. Jin shi, a nan, a darasin, a natse, da tsari da aka samu tsaftataccen crystal.

Spohr ya kafa ka'idojin koyarwa a cikin "Makarantar". Jagoran nazari ne mai amfani wanda bai bi manufar ci gaba da tara gwaninta ba; ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, ra'ayoyin marubucin game da ilimin violin, yana ba ku damar ganin cewa marubucin yana cikin matsayi na ilimin fasaha na ɗalibin. An zarge shi akai-akai saboda gaskiyar cewa "ba zai iya" raba "fasahar" da "kiɗa" a cikin "Makarantarsa". A gaskiya ma, Spurs ba su yi ba kuma ba za su iya saita irin wannan aikin ba. Fasahar violin na zamani na Spohr ba ta kai ga haɗa ƙa'idodin fasaha da na fasaha ba. Haɗawar lokutan fasaha da fasaha sun yi kama da rashin dabi'a ga wakilan koyarwa na yau da kullun na ƙarni na XNUMX, waɗanda suka ba da shawarar horar da fasaha.

Spohr's "makarantar" ya riga ya tsufa, amma a tarihi ya kasance wani abu mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda ya bayyana hanyar zuwa wannan ilimin fasaha, wanda a cikin karni na XNUMX ya sami mafi girman magana a cikin aikin Joachim da Auer.

L. Rabin