Isaac Stern |
Isaac Stern
Stern fitaccen mawaki-mawaki ne. violin a gare shi hanya ce ta sadarwa da mutane. Cikakkar mallakar duk albarkatun kayan aiki wata dama ce mai farin ciki don isar da mafi ƙarancin tunani na tunani, tunani, ji da yanayi - duk abin da rayuwar ruhaniyar mutum ke da wadata a ciki.
An haifi Isaac Stern a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1920 a Ukraine, a birnin Kremenets-on-Volyn. Tuni tun yana jariri, ya ƙare tare da iyayensa a Amurka. “Ina ɗan shekara bakwai, wani ɗan maƙwabci, abokina, ya riga ya fara buga violin. Shi ma ya zaburar da ni. Yanzu wannan mutumin yana hidima a tsarin inshora, kuma ni ɗan wasan violin ne, ”in ji Stern.
Ishaku ya fara koyon wasan piano a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa, sannan ya yi karatun violin a Conservatory na San Francisco a cikin ajin sanannen malami N. Blinder. Saurayin ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba, a hankali, ba kamar ƙaramin yaro ba, ko da yake ya fara halarta a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa yana da shekaru 11, yana buga wasan kwaikwayo na Bach sau biyu tare da malaminsa.
Da yawa daga baya, ya amsa tambayar abin da dalilai suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban nasa:
“Da farko zan sa malamina Naum Blinder. Bai taba gaya mani yadda zan yi wasa ba, kawai ya gaya mani yadda ba zan yi ba, don haka ya tilasta ni in nemi ingantacciyar hanyar magana da dabaru. Hakika, wasu da yawa sun gaskata da ni kuma sun tallafa mini. Na ba da kide-kide mai zaman kansa na farko ina da shekara goma sha biyar a San Francisco kuma da kyar na yi kama da ƙwararrun yara. Yayi kyau. Na buga wasan kwaikwayo na Ernst - mai matuƙar wahala, don haka ban taɓa yin sa ba tun.
A San Francisco, an yi magana game da Stern a matsayin sabon tauraro mai tasowa a cikin sararin samaniyar violin. Shahara a cikin birni ya buɗe masa hanya zuwa New York, kuma a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1937, Stern ya fara halarta a zauren taro na Town Hall. Duk da haka, wasan kwaikwayo bai zama abin mamaki ba.
"Wasanni na farko na New York a 1937 bai kasance mai haske ba, kusan bala'i. Ina tsammanin na taka rawar gani sosai, amma masu sukar ba su da abokantaka. A takaice dai, na yi tsalle a kan wata motar bas mai tsaka-tsaki kuma na tuka na tsawon sa'o'i biyar daga Manhattan zuwa tasha ta karshe, ba tare da sauka ba, ina tunanin matsalar ci gaba ko ki. Bayan shekara guda, ya sake bayyana a wurin kuma bai taka leda sosai ba, amma suka ya karɓe ni da ƙwazo.
A kan bango na ƙwararrun masters na Amurka, Stern ya yi rashin nasara a lokacin kuma har yanzu ba zai iya yin gasa da Heifetz, Menuhin da sauran "sarakunan violin". Isaac ya koma San Francisco, inda ya ci gaba da aiki tare da shawarar Louis Persinger, tsohon malamin Menuhin. Yakin ya katse karatunsa. Yana yin tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa sansanonin sojan Amurka a yankin Pacific kuma yana ba da kide-kide tare da sojojin.
V Rudenko ya rubuta cewa: "Yawancin wasannin kade-kade da suka ci gaba a cikin shekarun yakin duniya na biyu," sun taimaka wa mai neman zane ya sami kansa, ya sami nasa "murya", salon magana mai gaskiya, kai tsaye. Abin sha'awa shine wasan kwaikwayo na New York na biyu a Carnegie Hall (1943), bayan haka sun fara magana game da Stern a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan violin na duniya.
Stern yana kewaye da impresario, yana haɓaka babban aikin kide-kide, yana ba da kide-kide na 90 a shekara.
Babban tasiri akan samuwar Stern a matsayin mai zane shine sadarwarsa tare da fitaccen dan wasan Spain Casals. A shekara ta 1950, dan wasan violin ya fara zuwa bikin Pablo Casals a birnin Prades na kudancin Faransa. Ganawar da Casals ta juya duk ra'ayoyin matashin mawakin baya. Daga baya, ya yarda cewa babu wani daga cikin masu violin da ya yi tasiri a kansa.
"Casals sun tabbatar da yawancin abin da nake ji da kuma burina koyaushe," in ji Stern. - Babban takena shine violin don kiɗa, ba kiɗa don violin ba. Don gane wannan taken, wajibi ne a shawo kan shingen tafsiri. Kuma ga Casals ba su wanzu. Misalinsa ya tabbatar da cewa, ko da wuce iyakokin da aka kafa na dandano, ba lallai ba ne a nutse a cikin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Duk abin da Casals ya ba ni gabaɗaya ne, ba takamaiman ba. Ba za ku iya yin koyi da babban mai fasaha ba, amma za ku iya koya daga wurinsa yadda ake tunkarar wasan kwaikwayo."
Daga baya, Prada Stern ya shiga cikin bukukuwa 4.
Kwanakin baya na aikin Stern ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1950. Sannan masu saurare daga kasashe da nahiyoyi daban-daban sun fahimci fasaharsa. Don haka, a cikin 1953, ɗan wasan violin ya yi yawon shakatawa wanda ya rufe kusan duk duniya: Scotland, Honolulu, Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong, Calcutta, Bombay, Isra’ila, Italiya, Switzerland, Ingila. An kammala tafiya a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1953 a Landan tare da wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Royal.
"Kamar kowane ɗan wasan kide-kide, a cikin yawo mara iyaka da Stern, labarun ban dariya ko abubuwan ban sha'awa sun faru fiye da sau ɗaya," in ji LN Raaben. Don haka, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo a Miami Beach a 1958, ya gano wani mai sha'awar da ba a so wanda ya kasance a wurin wasan kwaikwayo. Wani wasan kurket ne mai hayaniya wanda ya tsoma baki tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Brahms. Bayan ya buga furci na farko, ɗan wasan violin ya juya ga masu sauraro ya ce: “Lokacin da na sanya hannu kan kwangilar, na yi tunanin cewa ni kaɗai ne mawaƙin solo a cikin wannan wasan, amma, a fili, ina da abokin hamayya.” Da waɗannan kalmomi, Stern ya nuna tukwane na dabino guda uku akan dandalin. Nan take masu hidima guda uku suka bayyana suna sauraron bishiyar dabino da kyau. Babu komai! Ba wahayi da kiɗa ba, cricket ya yi shiru. Amma da zaran mai zane ya ci gaba da wasan, duet tare da wasan kurket ya sake komawa nan da nan. Dole ne in kwashe "mai zartarwa" da ba a gayyace ni ba. An fitar da tafin hannu, Stern a sanyaye ya ƙare wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yadda aka saba da tafi.
A cikin 1955, Stern ya auri tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An haifi 'yarsu a shekara mai zuwa. Vera Stern sau da yawa kan raka mijinta a yawon shakatawa.
Masu yin bita ba su ba Stern da halaye da yawa: “ƙwaƙwalwar fasaha, jin daɗin rai haɗe tare da kamun kai mai kyau na ɗanɗano mai ladabi, ƙwarewar baka mai ban mamaki. Maraice, haske, "marasa iyaka" na baka, sautuna marasa iyaka, masu ban sha'awa, waƙoƙin maza, kuma a ƙarshe, dukiyar da ba za ta iya ƙididdigewa ba na bugun jini mai ban mamaki, daga faɗuwar ɓarna zuwa staccato mai ban mamaki, suna da ban mamaki a cikin wasansa. Bugawa fasaha ce ta Stern wajen sarrafa sautin kayan aiki. Ya san yadda za a sami sauti na musamman ba kawai don abubuwan tsararru na zamani da marubuta daban-daban ba, kuma a cikin wannan aikin, sautin violin ɗinsa ya “reincarnates” fiye da saninsa.
Stern da farko marubuci ne, amma wasansa ba baƙon wasan kwaikwayo ba ne. Ya burge da kewayon kerawa na wasan kwaikwayo, daidai da kyau a cikin dabarar fassarar Mozart, a cikin "Gothic" na Bach mai ban tausayi da kuma cikin ban mamaki karo na Brahms.
"Ina son kiɗa na ƙasashe daban-daban," in ji shi, "classic, saboda yana da girma kuma na duniya, marubutan zamani, saboda suna cewa wani abu a gare ni da kuma zamaninmu, Ina kuma son abubuwan da ake kira "hackneyed", kamar Mendelssohn's concertos da Tchaikovsky.
V. Rudenko ya rubuta:
"Irin ban mamaki na sauye-sauyen ƙirƙira ya sa ya yiwu ga Stern mai fasaha ba kawai don "bayyana" salon ba, amma don yin tunani a cikin alama, ba don "nuna" ji ba, amma don bayyana cikakkun abubuwan da suka faru na gaske a cikin kiɗa. Wannan shi ne sirrin zamani na mawaƙin, wanda a cikin salon wasan kwaikwayonsa fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da fasahar gwanintar fasaha suka haɗu. Halin dabi'a na ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, yanayin violin da kuma ruhun haɓaka waƙar waƙa ta kyauta wanda ke tasowa akan wannan dalili ya ba da damar mawaƙa don mika wuya gaba ɗaya zuwa jirgin fantasy. A koyaushe yana jan hankali, yana jan hankalin masu sauraro, yana haifar da wannan farin ciki na musamman, shigar da jama'a da mawaƙa, waɗanda ke mulki a shagalin I. Stern.
Ko da a zahiri, wasan Stern ya kasance cikin jituwa na musamman: babu motsi na bazata, babu angulu, kuma babu “zama” canzawa. Mutum zai iya sha'awar hannun dama na violin. "riko" na baka yana da kwanciyar hankali da amincewa, tare da wani nau'i na musamman na rike baka. Ya dogara ne akan ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na goshin hannu da kuma amfani da tattalin arziki na kafada.
Fikhtengolts ya rubuta: "Hotunan kiɗa suna nuna a cikin fassararsa wani taimako na sassaka mai kusan gaske," in ji Fikhtengolts, "amma wani lokacin kuma canjin soyayya, ƙarancin inuwa, "wasanni" na wasan kwaikwayo. Zai yi kama da cewa irin wannan sifa yana ɗaukar Stern daga zamani kuma daga wannan "na musamman" wanda ke da alaƙa da shi kuma wanda bai wanzu a baya ba. "Buɗewa" na motsin rai, saurin watsa su, rashin baƙin ciki da shakku sun kasance halayen zamanin da na violin na soyayya, wanda har yanzu ya kawo mana numfashin karni na XNUMX. Duk da haka, wannan ba haka ba ne: "Stern's art yana da fitacciyar ma'anar zamani. A gare shi, kiɗa shine harshe mai rai na sha'awar sha'awa, wanda baya hana wannan daidaituwa daga yin sarauta a cikin wannan fasaha, wanda Heine ya rubuta game da shi - daidaituwar da ke wanzu "tsakanin sha'awa da cikar fasaha."
A 1956, Stern ya fara zuwa Tarayyar Soviet. Sa'an nan mai zane ya ziyarci ƙasarmu sau da yawa. K. Ogievsky yayi magana sosai game da yawon shakatawa na maestro a Rasha a 1992:
"Ishak Stern yana da kyau kwarai! Kwata karni ya cika da rangadin karshe a kasarmu. Yanzu maestro ya fi saba'in, kuma violin a cikin hannayensa masu ban sha'awa har yanzu yana rera waƙa yana matashi, yana shafa kunne tare da sophistication na sauti. Hanyoyi masu ƙarfi na ayyukansa suna mamaki tare da ladabi da sikelin su, bambancin nuances da sihiri "tashi" na sauti, wanda ke shiga cikin yardar kaina har ma a cikin kusurwoyin "kurma" na wuraren wasan kwaikwayo.
Dabarar sa har yanzu ba ta da aibi. Misali, sifofin “beaded” a cikin Mozart's Concerto (G-dur) ko manyan sassa na Beethoven's Concerto Stern yana yin tsafta mara kyau da haske mai haske, kuma ana iya kishi da daidaita motsin hannunsa. Hannun dama mara kyau na maestro, wanda sassaucin ra'ayi na musamman ya ba da damar kiyaye amincin layin sauti lokacin canza baka da canza kirtani, har yanzu daidai ne da tabbaci. Na tuna cewa ban mamaki inconspicuousness na Stern ta "canzawa", wanda ya taso da ni'ima na kwararru riga a lokacin da ya gabata ziyara, sanya malamai ba kawai music makarantu da kolejoji, amma kuma na Moscow Conservatory, redouble da hankali ga wannan mafi hadaddun kashi. fasahar violin.
Amma mafi ban mamaki kuma, da alama, abin mamaki shine yanayin Stern's vibrato. Kamar yadda ka sani, girgizar violin abu ne mai laushi, wanda yake tunawa da kayan yaji na banmamaki da mai yin ya ƙara zuwa "jita-jita na kida" don sonsa. Ba asiri ba ne cewa masu violin, kamar mawaƙa, sukan fuskanci canje-canje maras canzawa a cikin ingancin vibrato ɗin su a cikin shekaru kusa da ƙarshen ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Yana zama mara kyau sarrafawa, girman girmansa yana ƙaruwa ba tare da son rai ba, mitar yana raguwa. Hannun hagu na violinist, kamar igiyoyin mawaƙa, ya fara rasa elasticity kuma ya daina yin biyayya ga kayan ado "I" na mai zane. Jijjiga yana da alama an daidaita shi, ya rasa rayuwansa, kuma mai sauraro yana jin kawaicin sautin. Idan kun yi imani da cewa kyakkyawan jijjiga Allah ne ya ba shi, ya zama cewa bayan lokaci, Maɗaukakin Sarki yana jin daɗin mayar da kyautarsa. Abin farin ciki, duk wannan ba shi da alaƙa da wasan shahararren ɗan wasan baƙo: baiwar Allah ta kasance tare da shi. Bugu da ƙari, da alama sautin Stern yana fure. Sauraron wannan wasan, za ku tuna da almara na abin sha mai ban sha'awa, wanda dandano yana da dadi sosai, ƙanshi yana da ƙanshi kuma dandano yana da dadi sosai har kuna son ƙara yawan sha, ƙishirwa kuma yana ƙaruwa.
Wadanda suka ji Stern a cikin shekarun da suka gabata (mawallafin waɗannan layi ya yi sa'a don halartar duk kide-kide na Moscow) ba sa yin zunubi a gaban gaskiya lokacin da suke magana game da ci gaba mai karfi na basirar Stern. Wasansa, mai karimci da sha'awar mutuntaka da ikhlasi mara misaltuwa, sautinsa, kamar an saka shi daga tsoron ruhi, yana aiki a hankali.
Kuma mai sauraro yana karɓar caji mai ban mamaki na makamashi na ruhaniya, maganin injections na gaskiya na gaskiya, ya fuskanci abin mamaki na shiga cikin tsarin ƙirƙira, farin ciki na kasancewa.
Mawakin ya yi fim sau biyu. A karo na farko ya taka rawar fatalwa a cikin fim din John Garfeld "Humoresque", a karo na biyu - rawar Eugene Ysaye a cikin fim din "A yau muna raira waƙa" (1952) game da sanannen American Impresario Yurok.
An bambanta Stern ta hanyar sauƙi na mu'amala da mutane, kirki da amsawa. Babban mai sha'awar wasan ƙwallon kwando, yana bin labarai a cikin wasanni da kishi kamar yadda yake yin sabon salo a cikin kiɗa. Ba zai iya kallon wasan ƙungiyar da ya fi so ba, ya nemi da ya ba da rahoton sakamakon nan da nan, har ma a wuraren kide-kide.
"Ban taɓa mantawa da abu ɗaya: babu wani ɗan wasa da ya fi kiɗa girma," in ji maestro. – Kullum yana ƙunshe da ƙarin dama fiye da ƙwararrun masu fasaha. Shi ya sa ya faru da cewa biyar virtuosos iya fassara wannan shafi na music a gaba daya hanyoyi daban-daban - kuma dukansu sun zama daidai da fasaha. Akwai lokutan da kuke jin farin ciki na gaske cewa kun yi wani abu: babban abin sha'awa ne ga kiɗa. Don gwada shi, mai yin wasan dole ne ya kiyaye ƙarfinsa, kada ya wuce gona da iri a cikin wasanni marasa iyaka.
