Eugène Ysaÿe |

Eugene Yaya

Art shine sakamakon cikakkiyar haɗin tunani da ji. E. Izai

E. Isai shi ne mawaƙin virtuoso na ƙarshe, tare da F. Kleisler, wanda ya ci gaba da haɓaka al'adun fasahar soyayya na fitattun 'yan wasan violin na ƙarni na XNUMX. Girman ma'auni na tunani da jin dadi, wadatar zuci, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, nagarta ta sanya Izaya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu fassara, ya tantance ainihin yanayin aikinsa da tsara aikinsa. Fassarorinsa da aka hure sun taimaka sosai wajen shaharar aikin S. Frank, C. Saint-Saens, G. Fauré, E. Chausson.

An haifi Izai a cikin dangin ɗan wasan violin, wanda ya fara koyar da ɗansa yana ɗan shekara 4. Yaron ɗan shekara bakwai ya riga ya taka leda a ƙungiyar makaɗar wasan kwaikwayo kuma a lokaci guda ya yi karatu a Liège Conservatory tare da R. Massard. sannan a Brussels Conservatory tare da G. Wieniawski da A. Vietnam. Hanyar Izaya zuwa dandalin wasan kwaikwayo ba ta da sauƙi. Har zuwa 1882. ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin mawaƙa - shi ne mawallafin mawaƙa na Bilse Orchestra a Berlin, wanda aka gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon a cikin cafe. Sai kawai a nacewar A. Rubinstein, wanda Izai ya kira "malamin fassararsa na gaskiya", ya bar ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma ya shiga cikin wani balaguron haɗin gwiwa na Scandinavia tare da Rubinstein, wanda ya ƙaddara aikinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun violinists a duniya. .

A birnin Paris, ana sha'awar fasahar wasan kwaikwayon Ishaya a duk duniya, kamar yadda aka tsara abubuwan da ya yi na farko, daga cikinsu akwai "Waƙar Elegiac". Franck ya sadaukar da sanannen Violin Sonata gare shi, Saint-Saens the Quartet, Fauré the Piano Quintet, Debussy the Quartet da kuma nau'in violin na Nocturnes. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar "Poem Elegiac" na Izaya, Chausson ya haifar da "Poem". A 1886 Ysaye ya zauna a Brussels. A nan ne ya kera kwarya-kwarya, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai, yana shirya kade-kade na wake-wake (wanda ake kira "Izaya Concerts"), inda ’yan wasa suka fi yin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma koyarwa a gidan wakafi.

Sama da shekaru 40 Izaya ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan wake-wake. Tare da babban nasara, ya yi ba kawai a matsayin mai violin ba, har ma a matsayin fitaccen jagora, musamman sanannen ayyukansa na L. Beethoven da mawaƙa na Faransa. A Covent Garden ya gudanar da Fidelio na Beethoven, daga 1918-22. ya zama babban jagoran ƙungiyar makaɗa a Cincinnati (Amurka).

Saboda ciwon suga da ciwon hannu, Izaya yana rage wasan kwaikwayo. Lokaci na ƙarshe da ya buga a Madrid a 1927 shine wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven wanda P. Casals ya gudanar, yana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Heroic Symphony da Concerto sau uku wanda A. Cortot, J. Thibaut da Casals suka yi. A cikin 1930, wasan karshe na Izaya ya faru. A kan aikin tiyatar gyaran kafa bayan yanke kafarsa, yana gudanar da kungiyar kade-kade ta 500 a Brussels a wajen bukukuwan bikin cika shekaru 100 da samun 'yancin kai. A farkon shekara mai zuwa, Izaya mai fama da rashin lafiya yana sauraron wasan kwaikwayo na opera mai suna Pierre the Miner, wanda aka kammala kwanan nan. Ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu.

Izaya tana da kayan kida sama da 30, galibi an rubuta su don violin. Daga cikin su, wakoki 8 na daya daga cikin nau'ikan da suka fi kusanci da salon wasan kwaikwayonsa. Waɗannan ƙera kashi ɗaya ne, na yanayi mara kyau, kusa da yanayin ra'ayi. Tare da sanannen "Elegiac Poem", "Scene at the Spinning Wheel", "Winter Song", "Ecstasy", waɗanda ke da halayen shirye-shirye, kuma sun shahara.

Mafi sabbin abubuwan da Izaya ya yi su ne Sonatas shida nasa na solo violin, kuma na yanayin shirin. Har ila yau, Izaya ya mallaki nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, ciki har da mazurkas da polonaises, wanda aka halicce shi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar aikin malaminsa G. Wieniawski, Solo Cello Sonata, cadenzas, rubuce-rubuce masu yawa, da kuma ƙungiyar orchestral "Maraice Harmonies" tare da solo quartet.

Izai ya shiga tarihin fasahar waka ne a matsayin mai zane wanda duk rayuwarsa ta sadaukar da aikinsa na ƙaunataccensa. Kamar yadda Casals ya rubuta, "sunan Eugène Isaiah zai kasance koyaushe yana nufin a gare mu mafi tsafta, mafi kyawun manufa na mai fasaha."

V. Grigoriev

Eugene Ysaye yana aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tsakanin fasahar violin na Franco-Belgian na ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. Amma karni na XNUMX ya kawo shi; Izai kawai ya wuce sandar manyan al'adun soyayya na wannan karni zuwa ga tsararraki masu damuwa da shakku na violin na karni na XNUMX.

Isai shine babban abin alfahari na al'ummar Belgium; Har ya zuwa yanzu, gasar violin na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Brussels na dauke da sunansa. Ya kasance mai zane-zane na kasa da gaske wanda ya gaji daga makarantun violin na Belgium da masu alaƙa da halayensu na yau da kullun - hankali a cikin aiwatar da mafi yawan ra'ayoyin soyayya, tsabta da rarrabewa, ladabi da alherin kayan aiki tare da babban motsin rai na ciki wanda koyaushe ya bambanta wasansa. . Ya kasance kusa da manyan igiyoyi na al'adun kiɗa na Gallic: babban ruhaniya na Cesar Franck; tsabtar waƙar waƙa, ƙayatarwa, ƙwaƙƙwaran kyawawa da kyawawan hotuna na abubuwan haɗin gwiwar Saint-Saens; gyare-gyare mara kyau na hotunan Debussy. A cikin aikinsa, ya kuma tafi daga classicism, wanda yana da siffofi na gama gari tare da kiɗa na Saint-Saens, zuwa sonatas-romantic sonatas don solo violin, wanda aka buga ba kawai ta hanyar ra'ayi ba, har ma da zamanin bayan-impressionist.

An haifi Ysaye a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1858 a unguwar ma'adinai ta Liège. Mahaifinsa Nikola ya kasance mawaƙin makaɗa, jagoran salon salon da ƙungiyar makaɗar wasan kwaikwayo; A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya ɗan yi karatu a ɗakin karatu na ɗan lokaci, amma matsalar kuɗi ta hana shi gamawa. Shi ne ya zama malami na farko ga dansa. Eugene ya fara koyon wasan violin yana ɗan shekara 4, kuma yana ɗan shekara 7 ya shiga ƙungiyar makaɗa. Iyalin sun kasance manya ('ya'ya 5) kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi.

Eugene ya tuna da darussan mahaifinsa da godiya: “Idan a nan gaba Rodolphe Massard, Wieniawski da Vietanne suka buɗe mini fahimta game da fassara da dabaru, to mahaifina ya koya mini fasahar yin violin.”

A 1865, an sanya yaron zuwa Liege Conservatory, a cikin aji na Desire Heinberg. Dole ne a haɗa koyarwa da aiki, wanda hakan ya yi illa ga nasara. A 1868 mahaifiyarsa ta mutu; hakan ya kara wa iyali wahala. Shekara guda bayan mutuwarta, Eugene aka tilasta barin Conservatory.

Har zuwa shekaru 14, ya ci gaba da kansa - ya buga violin da yawa, yana nazarin ayyukan Bach, Beethoven da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na violin na yau da kullum; Na karanta da yawa - kuma duk wannan a cikin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Belgium, Faransa, Switzerland da Jamus tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa da mahaifina ya jagoranta.

An yi sa'a, lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Vietang ya ji shi kuma ya nace cewa yaron ya koma gidan ajiyar kaya. A wannan karon Izai yana ajin Massara kuma yana samun ci gaba cikin sauri; Ba da daɗewa ba ya lashe kyautar farko a gasar Conservatory da lambar zinare. Bayan shekaru 2, ya bar Liege ya tafi Brussels. Babban birnin Beljiyam ya shahara da wurin ajiyarsa a duk faɗin duniya, yana fafatawa da Paris, Prague, Berlin, Leipzig da St. Petersburg. Lokacin da matashin Izai ya isa Brussels, Venyavsky ne ke jagorantar ajin violin a ɗakin ajiyar. Eugene yayi karatu tare da shi har tsawon shekaru 2, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Vieuxtan. Vietang ya ci gaba da abin da Venyavsky ya fara. Ya yi tasiri mai yawa a kan haɓaka ra'ayoyi na ado da ɗanɗanon fasaha na matashin violin. A ranar cika shekaru ɗari na haihuwar Vietanne, Eugene Ysaye, a cikin jawabinsa a cikin Verviers, ya ce: “Ya nuna mini hanya, ya buɗe idanuna da zuciyata.”

Hanyar matashin violin don gane shi yana da wuyar gaske. Daga 1879 zuwa 1881, Isai ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Berlin na W. Bilse, wanda aka gudanar da kide-kide a cikin cafe Flora. Wani lokaci ne kawai ya sami sa'a don ba da kide-kide na solo. 'Yan jarida a kowane lokaci sun lura da kyawawan halaye na wasansa - bayyanawa, wahayi, fasaha mara kyau. A cikin kungiyar kade-kade ta Bilse, Ysaye kuma ya yi wasan soloist; wannan ya jawo har ma da manyan mawaƙa zuwa gidan kafe na Flora. Anan, don sauraron wasan wasan violin mai ban mamaki, Joachim ya kawo ɗalibansa; Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, Anton Rubinstein ya ziyarci cafe; Shi ne ya dage kan ficewar Izaya daga kungiyar makada, ya tafi da shi yawon shakatawa na fasaha a kasar Scandinavia.

Tafiya zuwa Scandinavia ta yi nasara. Izai yakan yi wasa tare da Rubinstein, yana ba da maraice na sonata. Yayin da yake Bergen, ya sami damar sanin Grieg, dukansu uku na sonata na violin da ya yi tare da Rubinstein. Rubinstein ya zama ba kawai abokin tarayya ba, amma har ma aboki da mashawarcin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. "Kada ku ba da kai ga bayyanar nasara na waje," in ji shi, "koyaushe ku kasance da manufa ɗaya a gabanku - don fassara kiɗa bisa ga fahimtar ku, yanayin ku, kuma, musamman, zuciyar ku, kuma ba kawai kamarsa ba. Haqiqa rawar mawa}in mai yin ba don kar~a ba ne, amma don bayar da…”

Bayan yawon shakatawa na Scandinavia, Rubinstein ya taimaka wa Izaya wajen kulla kwangilar kide-kide a Rasha. Ziyararsa ta farko ta faru ne a lokacin rani na 1882; An gudanar da bukukuwan kide-kide a cikin shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na St. Petersburg - Pavlovsk Kursaal. Isai ya yi nasara. Har ma 'yan jarida sun kwatanta shi da Venyavsky, kuma lokacin da Yzai ya buga Concerto na Mendelssohn a ranar 27 ga Agusta, masu sauraro masu sha'awar sun yi masa rawani da laurel.

Ta haka ne aka fara doguwar alakar Izaya da Rasha. Ya bayyana a nan a kakar wasa ta gaba - a cikin Janairu 1883, kuma ban da Moscow da St. Petersburg yawon shakatawa a Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, a ko'ina cikin hunturu. A Odessa, ya ba da kide-kide tare da A. Rubinstein.

Wani dogon labari ya fito a cikin Odessa Herald, inda aka rubuta: “Mr. Ishaya ya burge kuma yana burge shi da gaskiya, raye-raye da ma'anar wasansa. Ƙarƙashin hannunsa, violin ya juya ya zama kayan aiki mai rai, mai rai: yana raira waƙa, kuka da nishi mai ban sha'awa, kuma yana radawa cikin ƙauna, nishi sosai, yana murna da surutu, a cikin kalma yana isar da duk ƙananan inuwa da zubar da ji. Wannan shine ƙarfi da fara'a na wasan Ishaya….

Bayan shekaru 2 (1885) Izai ya dawo Rasha. Ya yi wani sabon babban rangadi a garuruwanta. A cikin 1883-1885, ya yi sabani da mawakan Rasha da yawa: a Moscow tare da Bezekirsky, a St. Petersburg tare da C. Cui, wanda ya yi musayar wasiƙu game da ayyukansa a Faransa.

Ayyukansa a Paris, a ɗaya daga cikin kide-kiden Edouard Colonne a 1885, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Ysaye. Matashin ɗan wasan violin K. Saint-Saens ya ba da shawarar rukunin. Ysaye ya yi wasan kwaikwayon Sifen Symphony na E. Lalo da Rondo Capriccioso na Saint-Saens.

Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙofofin zuwa manyan wuraren kiɗa na Paris sun buɗe a gaban matashin violin. Ya haɗu tare da Saint-Saens da kuma Cesar Franck wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda ya fara a lokacin; Yana shiga cikin maraice na kiɗan su, da sha'awar ɗaukar sabbin abubuwan gani ga kansa. Belgian mai halin ɗabi'a yana jawo hankalin mawaƙa tare da gwanintarsa ​​mai ban mamaki, da kuma shirye-shiryen da yake ba da kansa don haɓaka ayyukansu. Daga rabin na biyu na 80s, shi ne wanda ya ba da hanya don mafi yawan sabbin kayan violin da na kayan aiki na Faransanci da Belgium. Domin shi, a cikin 1886 Cesar Franck ya rubuta Violin Sonata - daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan violin na duniya. Franck ya aika Sonata zuwa Arlon a watan Satumba na 1886, a ranar auren Ishaya da Louise Bourdeau.

Wata irin kyautar aure ce. Ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1886, Ysaye ya buga sabon sonata a karon farko a maraice a Brussels "Artist Circle", wanda shirin ya ƙunshi gabaɗaya na ayyukan Franck. Sai Isa ya buga ta a duk kasashen duniya. “Sonata da Eugene Ysaye ta ɗauka a faɗin duniya abin farin ciki ne ga Frank,” in ji Vensant d’Andy. Ayyukan Izaya sun ɗaukaka ba kawai wannan aikin ba, har ma da mahaliccinsa, domin kafin wannan sunan Frank ya kasance sananne ga mutane kaɗan.

Ysaye ya yi wa Chausson da yawa. A farkon 90s, mai ban mamaki violinist ya yi piano uku da Concerto for Violin, Piano da Bow Quartet (a karon farko a Brussels a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1892). Musamman ga Isaiah Chausson ya rubuta sanannen "Poem", wanda dan wasan violin ya yi a karon farko a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1896 a Nancy.

Babban abota, wanda ya dade 80-90s, ya haɗa Isai tare da Debussy. Isai ya kasance mai sha'awar kiɗan Debussy, amma, duk da haka, galibi ayyukan da akwai alaƙa da Franck. Wannan ya shafi ra’ayinsa a fili game da ‘yan kwarya-kwarya, wanda mawakin ya yi kidayar Izaya. Debussy ya sadaukar da aikinsa ga gungun 'yan hudu na Belgium karkashin jagorancin Ysaye. An yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1893 a wani taron kide-kide na National Society a Paris, kuma a cikin Maris 1894 an maimaita quartet a Brussels. "Izay, babban mai sha'awar Debussy, ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don shawo kan sauran 'yan quartetists game da tarin gwaninta da darajar wannan waƙar.

Ga Ishaya Debussy ya rubuta "Nocturnes" kuma kawai daga baya ya sake mayar da su cikin aikin wasan kwaikwayo. "Ina aiki a kan Nocturnes guda uku don solo violin da orchestra," ya rubuta wa Ysaye a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1894; - ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko tana wakiltar kirtani, na biyu - ta sarewa, ƙahoni huɗu, bututu uku da garaya biyu; ƙungiyar makaɗa ta uku ta haɗa duka biyun. Gabaɗaya, wannan binciken ne don haɗuwa daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya ba da launi iri ɗaya, kamar, alal misali, a cikin zanen zane a cikin sautin launin toka…”

Ysaye ya yaba sosai Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande kuma a cikin 1896 yayi ƙoƙari (ko da yake bai yi nasara ba) don shirya wasan opera a Brussels. Isai ya sadaukar da kwartocin su ga d'Andy, Saint-Saens, piano quintet ga G. Fauré, ba za ku iya kirga su duka ba!

Tun 1886, Izai zauna a Brussels, inda nan da nan ya shiga cikin "Club of ashirin" (tun 1893, da al'umma "Free Aesthetics") - wata ƙungiya na ci-gaba artists da mawaƙa. Klub din ya mamaye tasirin tasirin ra'ayi, membobinsa sun himmatu ga mafi kyawun abubuwan da suka dace na wancan lokacin. Isai ya jagoranci sashin kiɗa na kulob din, kuma ya shirya kide-kide a gindinsa, wanda, ban da na gargajiya, ya inganta sabbin ayyukan da mawaƙa na Belgium da na waje suka yi. An kawata tarurrukan majalisa da katafaren gida hudu wanda Izaya ke jagoranta. Hakanan ya haɗa da Mathieu Krikbum, Leon van Gut da Joseph Yakubu. Ensembles Debussy, d'Andy, Fauré yayi tare da wannan abun da ke ciki.

A cikin 1895, an ƙara wasan kwaikwayo na Izaya Concertos a cikin ɗakunan ɗakin, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1914. An gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ysaye, Saint-Saens, Mottl, Weingartner, Mengelberg da sauransu, daga cikin masu soloists kamar Kreisler, Casals, Thibault. Capet, Punyo, Galirzh.

Ayyukan kide-kide na Izaya a Brussels an haɗa su da koyarwa. Ya zama farfesa a ɗakin ajiyar kaya, daga 1886 zuwa 1898 ya jagoranci azuzuwan violin. Daga cikin dalibansa akwai fitattun ’yan wasa: V. Primroz, M. Krikbum, L. Persinger da sauransu; Isai kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan violin da yawa waɗanda ba su yi karatu a cikin aji ba, misali, akan J. Thibaut, F. Kreisler, K. Flesch. Y. Szigeti, D. Enescu.

An tilasta wa mai zane barin ɗakin ajiyar ne saboda yawan ayyukan da ya yi na kide-kide, wanda ya fi sha'awar dabi'a fiye da ilimin ilmantarwa. A cikin 90s, ya ba da kide kide da kide kide da kide-kide na musamman, duk da cewa ya sami ciwon hannu. Hannunsa na hagu yana da damuwa musamman. “Dukan sauran bala’o’i ba kome ba ne idan aka kwatanta da abin da hannun mara lafiya zai iya jawowa,” ya rubuta cikin damuwa ga matarsa ​​a shekara ta 1899. A halin yanzu, ba zai iya tunanin rayuwa a wajen wasan kwaikwayo ba, ban da kiɗa: “Na fi farin ciki sa’ad da nake wasa. Sannan ina son komai na duniya. Ina ba da shawara ga ji da zuciya. ”…

Kamar dai zazzabi ya kama shi, ya zagaya manyan ƙasashen Turai, a ƙarshen shekara ta 1894 ya ba da kide-kide a Amurka a karon farko. Sunansa ya zama gaske a duniya.

A cikin wadannan shekaru, ya sake, sau biyu, ya zo Rasha - a cikin 1890, 1895. A ranar 4 ga Maris, 1890, a karon farko da kansa Izai ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven a bainar jama'a a Riga. Kafin nan bai kuskura ya saka wannan aiki a cikin wakokinsa ba. A lokacin wadannan ziyara, violinist gabatar da Rasha jama'a zuwa jam'iyyar ensembles d'Andy da Fauré, da kuma Franck ta Sonata.

A cikin shekarun 80s da 90s, tarihin Izaya ya canza sosai. Da farko, ya fi yin ayyukan Wieniawski, Vietaine, Saint-Saens, Mendelssohn, Bruch. A cikin 90s, ya ƙara juyawa zuwa kiɗa na tsofaffin masters - sonatas na Bach, Vitali, Veracini da Handel, wasan kwaikwayo na Vivaldi, Bach. Kuma a karshe ya zo Beethoven Concerto.

Repertoire nasa ya wadatar da ayyukan sabbin mawakan Faransa. A cikin shirye-shiryensa na kide-kide, Izai ya yarda ya haɗa da ayyukan mawaƙa na Rasha - wasan kwaikwayo na Cui, Tchaikovsky ("Melancholic Serenade"), Taneyev. Daga baya, a cikin 900s, ya buga concertos Tchaikovsky da Glazunov, kazalika da jam'iyya ensembles Tchaikovsky da Borodin.

A cikin 1902, Isai ya sayi wani villa a kan bankunan Meuse kuma ya ba shi sunan mawaƙa "La Chanterelle" (na biyar shine mafi sonorous da farin ciki na sama a kan violin). A nan, a lokacin bazara, yakan huta daga shagulgulan kide-kide, kewaye da abokai da masoya, mashahuran mawakan da suke zuwa nan don su kasance tare da Izaya, kuma suna shiga cikin yanayin kade-kade na gidansa. F. Kreisler, J. Thibaut, D. Enescu, P. Casals, R. Pugno, F. Busoni, A. Cortot sun kasance baƙi akai-akai a cikin 900s. Da maraice, quartets da sonatas sun buga. Amma irin wannan hutawa Izai ya yarda da kansa kawai a lokacin rani. Har zuwa yakin duniya na farko, tsananin kide-kidensa bai yi rauni ba. A Ingila kawai ya shafe lokutan 4 a jere (1901-1904), ya gudanar da Fidelio na Beethoven a London kuma ya shiga cikin bukukuwan da aka sadaukar don Saint-Saens. Dan wasan Philharmonic na London ya ba shi lambar zinare. A cikin wadannan shekaru ya ziyarci Rasha sau 7 (1900, 1901, 1903, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1912).

Ya ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud, tare da kulla abota mai girma, tare da A. Siloti, wanda ya yi kide-kide a cikinsa. Siloti ya ja hankalin manyan sojojin fasaha. Izai, wanda ya bayyana kansa cikin farin ciki a fagage daban-daban na ayyukan kide-kide, wata taska ce kawai a gare shi. Tare suna ba da maraice na sonata; a cikin kide-kide Ziloti Ysaye tare da Casals, tare da shahararren dan wasan violin na St. Af, a cikin 1906, lokacin da Kamensky ya kamu da rashin lafiya ba zato ba tsammani, Izai ya maye gurbinsa da wani impromptu ch a cikin quartet a daya daga cikin kide-kide. Ya kasance maraice mai haske, wanda jaridar St.

Tare da Rachmaninov da Brandukov, Izai sau ɗaya ya yi (a cikin 1903) Tchaikovsky uku. Daga cikin manyan mawakan Rasha, mawaƙin pian A. Goldenweiser (sonata da yamma ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1910) da ɗan wasan violin B. Sibor sun ba da kide-kide tare da Yzai.

A shekarar 1910, lafiyar Izaya ta yi kasala. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo mai tsanani ya haifar da cututtukan zuciya, aikin jin tsoro, ciwon sukari ya tashi, kuma cutar ta hannun hagu ta tsananta. Likitoci suna ba da shawarar sosai cewa mai zane ya dakatar da kide-kide. “Amma waɗannan magunguna na nufin mutuwa,” Izai ya rubuta wa matarsa ​​a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1911. – A’a! Ba zan canza rayuwata a matsayin mai fasaha ba muddin ina da zarra guda ɗaya na iko; har sai na ji raguwar wasiyyar da ta goyi bayana, har sai da yatsana, sunkuyar da kai, kai suka hana ni.

Kamar dai ƙalubale rabo, a 1911 Ysaye ya ba da dama concerts a Vienna, a 1912 ya zagaya Jamus, Rasha, Austria, Faransa. A Berlin a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1912, wasan kwaikwayo nasa ya sami halartar F. Kreisler, wanda aka jinkirta musamman a Berlin, K. Flesh, A. Marto, V. Burmester, M. Press, A. Pechnikov, M. Elman. Izai ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Elgar, wanda a wancan lokacin kusan kowa ya sani. Wasan ya tafi da kyau. "Na buga"mai farin ciki", Ni, yayin wasa, bari tunanina ya zubo kamar wadataccen tushe mai tsabta da bayyananne..."

Bayan rangadin da ya yi a 1912 na kasashen Turai, Izai ya yi balaguro zuwa Amurka kuma ya shafe yanayi biyu a can; ya koma Turai a daidai lokacin yakin duniya.

Bayan da Izaya ya gama balaguron sa na Amurka, cikin farin ciki ya shagaltu da annashuwa. A farkon lokacin rani kafin yakin duniya na farko, Isai, Enescu, Kreisler, Thibaut da Casals sun kafa rufaffiyar da'irar kiɗa.

"Muna zuwa Thibault," in ji Casals.

– Kuna kadai?

“Akwai dalilai na hakan. Mun ga isassun mutane a yawon shakatawanmu… kuma muna son yin kiɗa don jin daɗin kanmu. A wa annan tarurrukan, sa’ad da muke yin kwata-kwata, Izai yana son ya buga viola. Kuma a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan violin, ya haskaka da haske marar misaltuwa.

Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya sami Ysaye yana hutu a villa "La Chanterelle". Izaya ta girgiza da bala'in da ke tafe. Shi ma na dukan duniya ne, yana da alaƙa sosai ta hanyar sana'a da yanayin fasaha da al'adun ƙasashe daban-daban. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe, sha'awar kishin ƙasa ta rinjaye shi ma. Yana shiga cikin wani kade-kade, wanda aka tattara daga cikinsa don amfanin 'yan gudun hijira. Lokacin da yakin ya matsa kusa da Belgium, Ysaye, bayan ya isa Dunkirk tare da iyalinsa, ya haye cikin jirgin kamun kifi zuwa Ingila kuma a nan ma yayi ƙoƙari ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijirar Belgium da fasaha. A 1916, ya ba da kide kide da wake-wake a Belgian gaban, wasa ba kawai a hedkwatar, amma kuma a asibitoci, kuma a sahun gaba.

A Landan, Ysaye yana zaune a keɓe, galibi yana gyara faifan kide-kide na Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart's Symphony Concerto na violin da viola, da kuma rubuta guntun violin na tsoffin masters.

A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ya yi hulɗa tare da mawaƙa Emil Verharn. Da alama yanayinsu ya bambanta da irin wannan abota ta kud da kud. Duk da haka, a cikin lokutan manyan bala'o'in ɗan adam na duniya, mutane, har ma da mabanbanta, sau da yawa suna haɗuwa ta hanyar dangi na halayensu ga abubuwan da ke faruwa.

A lokacin yakin, rayuwar kide-kide a Turai ta kusan tsaya cak. Izai sau ɗaya kawai ya je Madrid tare da kide-kide. Saboda haka, da son ransa ya amince da tayin zuwa Amurka ya tafi can a ƙarshen 1916. Duk da haka, Izaya ya riga ya cika shekaru 60 kuma ba zai iya samun damar gudanar da ayyukan kide-kide ba. A shekara ta 1917, ya zama babban jagoran kungiyar kade-kade ta Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. A cikin wannan sakon, ya sami ƙarshen yakin. A ƙarƙashin kwangilar, Izai ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa har zuwa 1922. Da zarar, a cikin 1919, ya zo Belgium don bazara, amma zai iya komawa can kawai a ƙarshen kwangilar.

A cikin 1919, Ysaye Concerts sun ci gaba da ayyukansu a Brussels. Bayan dawowarsa, mawaƙin ya yi ƙoƙari, kamar dā, ya sake zama shugaban wannan ƙungiya ta wasan kwaikwayo, amma rashin lafiyarsa da tsufa ba su ba shi damar aiwatar da ayyukan madugu na dogon lokaci ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya sadaukar da kansa yafi ga abun da ke ciki. A cikin 1924 ya rubuta 6 sonatas don solo violin, wanda a halin yanzu an haɗa su a cikin repertoire violin na duniya.

Shekarar 1924 ta kasance mai matukar wahala ga Izaya - matarsa ​​ta mutu. Duk da haka, bai daɗe da zama gwauruwa ba kuma ya sake auren ɗalibarsa Jeanette Denken. Ta haskaka shekarun karshe na rayuwar dattijo, da aminci ta kula da shi lokacin da ciwonsa ya tsananta. A farkon rabin shekarun 20s, Izai har yanzu yana ba da kide-kide, amma an tilasta masa rage yawan wasan kwaikwayo a kowace shekara.

A cikin 1927, Casals ya gayyaci Ishaya don shiga cikin kide-kide na kade-kade na kade-kade da ya shirya a Barcelona, ​​​​a maraice na gala don girmama bikin cika shekaru 100 na mutuwar Beethoven. "Da farko ya ƙi (kada mu manta," in ji Casals, "cewa babban ɗan wasan violin ya kusan taɓa yin wasan solo na dogon lokaci). nace "Amma zai yiwu?" – Ya tambaya. "Ee," na amsa, "zai yiwu." Izaya ya taba hannayena a cikin nasa ya kara da cewa: "Idan da wannan abin al'ajabi ya faru!".

Akwai saura watanni 5 kafin bikin. Bayan ɗan lokaci, ɗan Izaya ya rubuta mini: “Da za ku ga mahaifina a wurin aiki, kowace rana, na sa’o’i, yana wasa ma’auni a hankali! Ba za mu iya kallonsa ba sai da kuka.”

… “Izaya ya sami lokuta masu ban mamaki kuma aikinsa ya yi nasara mai ban mamaki. Bayan ya gama wasa sai ya neme ni a bayan fage. Ya durkusa, ya kama hannuna, yana cewa: “Ya tashi! An tashi daga matattu!” Lokaci ne mai motsi mara misaltuwa. Washegari na je na gan shi a tashar. Ya leka ta tagar motar, a lokacin jirgin ya riga ya motsa, har yanzu ya rike hannuna, kamar mai tsoron barin shi.

A karshen shekaru 20, lafiyar Izaya ta tabarbare; ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya sun karu sosai. A shekarar 1929, an yanke masa kafa. Yana kwance a gado, ya rubuta babban aikinsa na ƙarshe - wasan opera "Pierre Miner" a cikin yaren Walloon, wato, a cikin harshen mutanen da ɗansa yake. An kammala wasan opera cikin sauri.

A matsayinsa na ɗan solo, Izai ya daina yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya faru ya bayyana a kan mataki sau daya, amma riga a matsayin madugu. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1930, ya gudanar a Brussels a bikin sadaukar da ranar cika shekaru 100 na 'yancin kai na Belgium. Mawaƙin ya ƙunshi mutane 500, mawaƙin soloist Pablo Casals, wanda ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Lalo da waƙa ta huɗu na Ysaye.

A cikin 1931, wani sabon bala'i ya buge shi - mutuwar 'yar uwarsa da 'yarsa. Ya sami goyon baya ne kawai ta hanyar tunanin samar da opera mai zuwa. Farkon sa, wanda ya faru a ranar 4 ga Maris a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Liege, ya saurare shi a asibitin a rediyo. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da wasan opera a Brussels; an kai maras lafiya mawakin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a kan shimfida. Ya yi murna da nasarar wasan opera kamar yaro. Amma wannan shine farin cikinsa na ƙarshe. Ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1931.

Ayyukan Izaya na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun shafuka a tarihin fasahar violin na duniya. Salon wasansa na soyayya ne; Yawancin lokaci an kwatanta shi da Wieniawski da Sarasate. Duk da haka, basirar kiɗansa ya ba da izini, ko da yake na musamman, amma a bayyane kuma a bayyane, don fassara ayyukan gargajiya na Bach, Beethoven, Brahms. An gane fassararsa na waɗannan rubuce-rubucen kuma an yaba sosai. Don haka, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na 1895 a Moscow, A. Koreshchenko ya rubuta cewa Izai ya yi Sarabande da Gigue Bach "tare da fahimtar salo da ruhu" na waɗannan ayyukan.

Duk da haka, a cikin fassarar ayyukan gargajiya, ba za a iya sanya shi daidai da Joachim, Laub, Auer ba. Yana da halayyar cewa V. Cheshikhin, wanda ya rubuta bita na wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven a Kyiv a cikin 1890, idan aka kwatanta shi ba tare da Joachim ko Laub ba, amma ... tare da Sarasate. Ya rubuta cewa Sarasate "ya sanya wuta da ƙarfi sosai a cikin wannan matashin aikin Beethoven wanda ya saba wa masu sauraro don fahimtar fahimtar wasan kwaikwayo; a kowane hali, kyawun hali da ladabi na canja wurin Ishaya yana da ban sha'awa sosai.

A cikin sharhin J. Engel, Yzai ya fi adawa da Joachim: “Yana daya daga cikin ’yan wasan violin na zamani, har ma na farko a cikin irinsa na farko. Idan Joachim ba zai iya samuwa ba a matsayin na al'ada, Wilhelmi ya shahara da ikonsa mara misaltuwa da cikar sautin sa, to, wasan kwaikwayo na Mr. Isaiah zai iya zama misali mai ban mamaki na alheri mai kyau da taushi, mafi kyawun kammala cikakkun bayanai, da dumin aiki. Bai kamata a fahimci wannan juxtaxiyar kwata-kwata ta yadda Mista Ishaya ba zai iya cikar salo na gargajiya ba ko kuma sautinsa ba shi da ƙarfi da cikawa - ta wannan fuskar shi ma gwanin fasaha ne, wanda a bayyane yake, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, daga Romance na Beethoven da kide kide na hudu Vietana…”

Game da wannan, nazarin A. Ossovsky, wanda ya jaddada yanayin soyayya na fasahar Izaya, ya sanya dukkan ɗigo a kan "da" a cikin wannan. "Daga cikin nau'o'in nau'i biyu na masu yin kida," Ossovsky ya rubuta, "masu fasaha na yanayi da masu fasaha," E. Izai, ba shakka, na farko ne. Ya buga kide kide na gargajiya ta Bach, Mozart, Beethoven; Mun kuma ji kiɗan ɗaki daga gare shi - Mendelssohn's da Beethoven's quartets, M. Reger's suite. Amma komi nawa na ambata, a ko'ina kuma ko yaushe Izaya ce. Idan Mozart na Hans Bülow ko da yaushe ya fito a matsayin Mozart kawai, kuma Brahms kawai Brahms, kuma halayen ɗan wasan ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin wannan kamun kai na ɗan adam kuma cikin sanyi da kaifi kamar nazarin ƙarfe, to Bülow bai fi Rubinstein girma ba, kamar yadda yake. yanzu J. Joachim kan E. Ysaye…”

Gabaɗaya sautin bita na shaida babu shakka cewa Izai mawaƙi ne na gaske, mai son violin, yana haɗa haske na ɗabi'a tare da sauƙi mai ban mamaki da yanayin wasa, alheri da gyare-gyare tare da raɗaɗin waƙoƙi. Kusan ko da yaushe a cikin reviews sun rubuta game da sautinsa, da expressiveness na cantilena, game da raira waƙa a kan violin: "Kuma yadda ta raira waƙa! A wani lokaci, violin na Pablo de Sarasate ya rera waƙa da lalata. Amma sautin soprano coloratura ne, kyakkyawa, amma kaɗan mai nuna ji. Sautin Izaya, ko da yaushe maras iyaka, ba tare da sanin menene yanayin sautin “creaky” na ekrypkch ba, yana da kyau duka a cikin piano da forte, koyaushe yana gudana cikin yardar kaina kuma yana nuna ƙaramin lanƙwasa na furcin kiɗan. Idan ka yafe wa marubucin bita irin wadannan kalamai kamar “lankwasawa”, to a dunkule ya fito karara ya zayyana sifofin halayen Izaya ingantattu.

A cikin sake dubawa na 80s da 90s mutum zai iya karanta sau da yawa cewa sautinsa ba shi da karfi; a cikin 900s, da dama sake dubawa sun nuna kawai akasin: "Wannan wani nau'i ne kawai na giant wanda, tare da babban sautin sa, ya ci nasara da ku daga bayanin farko ... - mai karimci mai faɗi da fa'ida da yawa, yanayi na ruhi mai ban mamaki.

“Yana da wuya a tada wutar, yunƙurin Izaya. Hannun hagu yana da ban mamaki. Ya kasance mai ban mamaki lokacin da ya buga kide-kide na Saint-Saens kuma ba karamin ban mamaki ba lokacin da ya buga sonata na Franck. Mutum mai ban sha'awa da rashin hankali, yanayi mai ƙarfi sosai. Ina son abinci da abin sha mai kyau. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa mai zanen yana kashe kuzari sosai yayin wasan kwaikwayo wanda hakan ya sa yana buƙatar dawo da su. Kuma ya san yadda zai mayar da su, ina tabbatar muku! Wata rana da yamma, sa’ad da na zo ɗakin tufafinsa don nuna sha’awata, sai ya amsa mini da wayo: “Ƙananan Enescu, idan kana so ka yi wasa kamar ni a shekaruna, to, ka ga, kada ka zama ɗan iska!”

Izai yayi matukar mamakin duk wanda ya san shi da son rayuwa da tsananin sha'awar sa. Thibaut ya tuna cewa lokacin da aka kawo shi Izaya yana yaro, da farko an gayyace shi dakin cin abinci, kuma ya kadu da yawan abincin da kato ke ci tare da sha'awar Gargantua. Bayan ya gama cin abinci sai Izaya ta nemi yaron ya buga masa violin. Jacques ya yi Concerto na Wieniawski, kuma Izai ya raka shi a kan violin, kuma ta yadda Thibaut ya ji sautin katako na kowane kayan kida. "Ba dan wasan violin ba ne - ƙungiyar makaɗa ce ta mutum. Da na gama sai kawai ya dora hannunsa a kafada na, sannan ya ce:

“To baby, fita daga nan.

Na dawo dakin cin abinci, inda masu hidima ke share teburin.

Ina da lokaci don halartar ƙaramin tattaunawa mai zuwa:

"Duk da haka, baƙo kamar Izaya-san yana iya yin babban rami a cikin kasafin kuɗi!"

– Kuma ya yarda cewa yana da abokin da ya fi ci.

– AMMA! Wanene shi?

"Wannan dan wasan pian ne mai suna Raul Pugno..."

Jacques ya ji kunya sosai da wannan zance, kuma a lokacin Izai ya gaya wa mahaifinsa: “Ka sani, gaskiya ne, ɗanka ya fi ni wasa!”

Bayanin Enescu yana da ban sha'awa: “Izai… na waɗanda basirarsu ta ketare ƙananan rauni. Tabbas ban yarda da shi akan komai ba, amma bai taXNUMXa ganina ba na adawa da Izaya da ra'ayina. Kada ku yi jayayya da Zeus!

K. Flesh ya yi wani muhimmin abin lura game da fasahar violin na Isai: “A cikin shekaru 80 na ƙarni na ƙarshe, manyan ’yan wasan violin ba su yi amfani da firgita mai faɗi ba, amma sun yi amfani da abin da ake kira jijjiga yatsa ne kawai, wanda a cikinsa aka sa sautin asali. kawai girgizar da ba a iya fahimta. Don yin rawar jiki a kan bayanan da ba su da ƙarfi, balle sassa, an ɗauke su mara kyau da rashin fasaha. Izai shine farkon wanda ya gabatar da fiɗaɗɗen rawar jiki a aikace, yana neman hura rayuwa cikin fasahar violin.

Ina so in kammala jigon hoton Izaya ɗan wasan violin tare da kalaman babban abokinsa Pablo Casals: “Wane ne babban ɗan wasa Izaya! Lokacin da ya fito a dandalin, sai ga alama wani irin sarki ne ke fitowa. Kyakykyawa da girman kai, tare da katon siffa da kamannin zakin zaki, tare da kyalli na ban mamaki a idanunsa, kyalli da yanayin fuska - shi da kansa ya riga ya zama abin kallo. Ban yarda da ra'ayin wasu abokan aiki ba waɗanda suka zarge shi da wuce gona da iri a cikin wasan da wuce gona da iri. Ya wajaba a yi la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan da suka dace a zamanin da aka kafa Izaya. Amma abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne nan da nan ya ja hankalin masu saurare da karfin hazakarsa.

Izai ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1931. Mutuwarsa ta jefa Belgium cikin makoki na kasa. Vincent d'Andy da Jacques Thibault sun fito daga Faransa don halartar jana'izar. Akwatin da gawar mawaƙin ya samu rakiyar mutane dubu. An gina wani abin tunawa a kabarinsa, wanda Constantine Meunier ya yi masa ado da bas-relief. An kai zuciyar Izaya a cikin akwati mai daraja zuwa Liege aka binne shi a mahaifar babban mai zane.

L. Rabin