Tarihin clavichord

Akwai kayan kida marasa adadi a duniya: kirtani, iska, kaɗe-kaɗe da madanni. Kusan kowane kayan aiki da ake amfani da su a yau yana da tarihin arziki. Daya daga cikin wadannan “dattijai” ana iya daukar shi a matsayin pianoforte. Wannan kayan kiɗan yana da kakanni da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine clavichord.

Sunan "clavichord" kanta ya fito daga kalmomi biyu - clavis Latin - maɓalli, da kuma Girkanci xop - kirtani. Na farko ambaton wannan kayan aikin ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen karni na 14, kuma ana ajiye mafi dadewar kwafin yau a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen tarihi na Leipzig.Na'urar da bayyanar clavichords na farko sun bambanta da piano. A kallo na farko, za ku iya ganin irin wannan akwati na katako, maɓalli mai maɓalli baki da fari. Amma yayin da kuka kusanci, kowa zai fara lura da bambance-bambancen: maballin yana da ƙarami, babu takalmi a ƙasan kayan aikin, kuma samfuran farko ba su da kickstand. Wannan ba haɗari ba ne, saboda a cikin ƙarni na 14th da 15th, clavichords sun fi amfani da mawaƙa na jama'a. Don tabbatar da cewa motsi na kayan aiki daga wuri zuwa wuri bai kawo matsala mai yawa ba, an yi shi kadan a cikin girman (yawanci tsawonsa bai wuce mita ba), tare da igiyoyi masu tsayi iri ɗaya da aka shimfiɗa a layi daya da ganuwar ganuwar. harka da maɓalli a cikin adadin guda 12. Kafin yin wasa, mawaƙin ya sanya clavichord a kan tebur ko kuma ya yi wasa daidai a kan cinyarsa.

Tabbas, tare da karuwar shaharar kayan aikin, kamannin sa ya canza. Clavichord ya tsaya a kan kafafu 4, an halicci shari'ar daga nau'in itace masu tsada - spruce, cypress, Karelian Birch, kuma an yi ado bisa ga yanayin lokaci da salon. Amma girman kayan aikin a duk tsawon rayuwarsa ya kasance ƙanana - jikin bai wuce mita 1,5 ba tsawonsa, kuma girman maɓalli ya kasance maɓalli 35 ko octaves 5 (don kwatanta piano yana da maɓallan 88 da octaves 12). .Amma ga sauti, ana adana bambance-bambance a nan. Saitin igiyoyin ƙarfe da ke cikin jiki sun yi sauti godiya ga injiniyoyin tangent. Tangent, fil fil ɗin ƙarfe mai kai, an gyara shi a gindin maɓallin. Lokacin da mawaƙin ya danna maɓallin, tangent ɗin yana hulɗa da zaren kuma ya kasance yana danna shi. A lokaci guda kuma, wani ɓangare na kirtani ya fara girgiza cikin yardar kaina yana yin sauti. Sautin sautin a cikin clavichord kai tsaye ya dogara ne akan wurin da aka taɓa tanget da kuma ƙarfin yajin akan maɓalli.

Amma duk yadda mawakan suka so su buga clavichord a cikin manyan dakunan kide-kide, hakan bai yiwu ba. Ƙayyadadden sautin shiru ya dace da yanayin gida kawai da ƙananan masu sauraro. Kuma idan ƙarar zuwa ɗan ƙaramin ya dogara da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, to, yanayin wasan kwaikwayo, fasahar kiɗan ta dogara da shi kai tsaye. Alal misali, kawai clavichord zai iya kunna sauti na musamman na rawar jiki, wanda aka halitta godiya ga tsarin tangent. Sauran kayan aikin madannai suna iya samar da sauti iri ɗaya kawai.Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, clavichord shine kayan aikin maɓalli da aka fi so na mawaƙa da yawa: Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Don wannan kayan kida, Johann S. Bach ya rubuta sanannen "Das Wohltemperierte Klavier" - zagaye na 48 fugues da preludes. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 19 a ƙarshe aka maye gurbinsa ta hanyar mai karɓar sauti mai ƙarfi da ma'ana - pianoforte. Amma kayan aikin bai nutse cikin mantuwa ba. A yau, mawaƙa da manyan mawaƙa suna ƙoƙarin dawo da tsohuwar kayan aikin don sake jin sautin ɗakin ɗakin ayyukan mawaƙa na almara.