Samuil Abramovich Samosud (Samuil Samosud) |

Samuil Samu

Jagorar Soviet, Artist na Tarayyar Soviet (1937), wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo na Stalin guda uku (1941, 1947, 1952). “An haife ni a birnin Tiflis. Mahaifina madugu ne. Ƙaunar kiɗa ta bayyana kansu a farkon ƙuruciyata. Mahaifina ya koya mini yin wasan ƙwanƙwasa-a-piston da cello. Wasan kwaikwayo na solo ya fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara shida. Daga baya, a Tiflis Conservatory, na fara nazarin kayan aikin iska tare da Farfesa E. Gijini da cello da Farfesa A. Polivko.” Don haka Samosud ya fara bayanin tarihin rayuwarsa.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar kiɗa a 1905, matashin mawaƙin ya tafi Prague, inda ya yi karatu tare da mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo G. Vigan, da kuma babban jagoran Prague Opera K. Kovarzovits. Ci gaba da inganta SA Samosud ya faru a cikin "Schola Cantorum" na Parisian karkashin jagorancin mawaki V. d'Andy da shugaba E. Colonne. Wataƙila, har ma ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa don gudanar da aiki. Duk da haka, na ɗan lokaci bayan ya dawo daga ƙasashen waje, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan soloist-celist a cikin gidan jama'ar St. Petersburg.

Tun 1910, Samosud ya yi aiki a matsayin madugun opera. A cikin Gidan Jama'a, a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, akwai Faust, Lakme, Oprichnik, Dubrovsky. Kuma a 1916 ya gudanar da "Mermaid" tare da sa hannu na F. Chaliapin. Samosud ya tuna: “Galinkin, wanda ya saba yin wasan kwaikwayon Shalyapin, ba shi da lafiya, kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ba ni shawarar sosai. Dangane da kuruciyata, Chaliapin bai amince da wannan shawara ba, amma duk da haka ya amince. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya taka rawar gani sosai a rayuwata, tunda a nan gaba na gudanar da kusan dukkan wasannin Chaliapin, kuma tuni nace. Sadarwa ta yau da kullun tare da Chaliapin - ƙwararren mawaƙi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma darekta - ya kasance a gare ni babbar makaranta mai ƙirƙira wacce ta buɗe sabbin hazaka a cikin fasaha.

Samosud mai zaman kansa m biography ne, kamar yadda yake, zuwa kashi biyu sassa - Leningrad da Moscow. Bayan ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky (1917-1919), jagoran ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa da aka haifa a watan Oktoba - Maly Opera Theatre a Leningrad kuma ya kasance darektan fasaha har zuwa 1936. Godiya ga cancantar Samosud cewa wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya sami dama. Sunan "Laboratory of Soviet Opera". Kyawawan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya (The Sace daga Seraglio, Carmen, Falstaff, Snow Maiden, The Golden Cockerel, da dai sauransu) da sabbin ayyukan marubutan kasashen waje (Krenek, Dressel, da sauransu)). Duk da haka, Samosud ya ga babban aikin da ya yi wajen ƙirƙirar tarihin Soviet na zamani. Kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya cika wannan aiki naci da manufa. A baya a cikin shekaru ashirin, Malegot ya juya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo a kan jigogi na juyin juya hali - "Don Red Petrograd" na A. Gladkovsky da E. Prussak (1925), "Ashirin da Biyar" na S. Strassenburg bisa waƙar Mayakovsky "Good" (1927), Ƙungiyoyin matasa sun mayar da hankali a kusa da Samosud Leningrad mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin nau'in opera - D. Shostakovich ("Hanci", "Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk"), I. Dzerzhinsky ("Quiet Flows the Don"), V. Zhelobinsky ( "Kamarinsky Muzhik", "Ranar suna"), V Voloshinov da sauransu.

Lynching yayi aiki tare da ƙwazo da sadaukarwa. Mawaƙi I. Dzerzhinsky ya rubuta: “Ya san gidan wasan kwaikwayo kamar ba kowa… A gare shi, wasan kwaikwayo na opera haɗaɗɗen hoto ne na kiɗa da ban mamaki a cikin gaba ɗaya, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar fasaha ta gaske a gaban tsari guda ɗaya. , Ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan da ke cikin aikin zuwa babban, jagorancin ra'ayi na uXNUMXbuXNUMXbthe aikin ... Hukumar C A. Hukuncin kai ya dogara ne akan babban al'adu, ƙarfin hali, ikon yin aiki da ikon yin wasu aiki. Shi da kansa ya shiga cikin duk "kananan abubuwa" na fasaha na samarwa. Ana iya ganin shi yana magana da masu fasaha, masu sana'a, ma'aikatan mataki. A lokacin bita, sau da yawa yakan bar tsayawar madugu kuma, tare da darakta, yana aiki a kan mis en scenes, ya sa mawaƙin ya nuna alama, ya shawarci mai zane ya canza wannan ko wancan dalla-dalla, ya bayyana wa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wani wuri mara kyau a cikin mawaƙa. score, da sauransu. Samosud shine ainihin darektan wasan kwaikwayon, ƙirƙirar shi bisa ga tunani mai zurfi - daki-daki - shiri. Wannan yana ba da kwarin gwiwa da haske ga ayyukansa.”

Ruhun bincike da ƙididdigewa ya bambanta ayyukan Samosud da kuma a cikin post na shugaban gudanarwa na Bolshoi Theatre na Tarayyar Soviet (1936-1943). Ya halitta a nan gaske classic productions na Ivan Susanin a cikin wani sabon wallafe-wallafen edition da Ruslan da Lyudmila. Har yanzu a cikin kewayar hankalin mai gudanarwa shine wasan opera na Soviet. A karkashin jagorancinsa, I. Dzerzhinsky na "Virgin Soil Upturned" an shirya shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi, kuma a lokacin babban yakin basasa ya kaddamar da wasan opera na D. Kablevsky "Akan Wuta".

A gaba mataki na m rayuwa Samosud an hade da Musical gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna KS Stanislavsky da VI Nemirovich-Danchenko, inda ya kasance shugaban na music sashen da kuma shugaba (1943-1950). "Ba shi yiwuwa a manta da maimaitawar Samosud," in ji mawakan wasan kwaikwayo N. Kemarskaya, T. Yanko da S. Tsenin. - Ko dai operetta mai farin ciki "Dalibin bara" na Millöker, ko kuma aikin mai ban mamaki - "Soyayyar bazara" ta Encke, ko kuma opera mai ban dariya na Khrennikov "Frol Skobeev" - a karkashin jagorancinsa - yadda aka shiga cikin Samuil Abramovich. iya duba ainihin ainihin hoton, yadda cikin hikima da dabara ya jagoranci mai yin wasan cikin dukan gwaji, cikin dukkan abubuwan farin ciki da ke cikin rawar! Kamar yadda Samuil Abramovich ya bayyana a zane-zane a cikin karatun, hoton Panova a cikin Lyubov Yarovaya, wanda yake da matukar rikitarwa duka a cikin kade-kade da kade-kade, ko kuma hoton Laura mai ban tsoro a cikin Student The Beggar! Kuma tare da wannan - hotuna na Euphrosyne, Taras ko Nazar a cikin wasan opera "The Family of Taras" by Kablevsky.

A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Patriotic, Samosud shine ɗan wasan farko na D. Shostakovich's Symphony na Bakwai (1942). Kuma a 1946, Leningrad music masoya gan shi a cikin iko panel na Maly Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A karkashin jagorancinsa, an gudanar da wasan opera na farko na S. Prokofiev "Yaki da Aminci". Samosud yana da abota ta musamman tare da Prokofiev. Mawaƙin ya ba shi amana don gabatar da masu sauraro (sai dai "Yaki da Aminci") Symphony na Bakwai (1952), oratorio "Kare Duniya" (1950), "Winter Fire" suite (1E50) da sauran ayyukan. . A cikin ɗaya daga cikin telegram ɗin da aka yi wa jagorar, S. Prokofiev ya rubuta: “Na tuna da ku da godiya sosai a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren mai fassara da yawa daga cikin ayyukana.”

Shugaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna KS Stanislavsky da VI Nemirovich-Danchenko Samosud lokaci guda ya jagoranci All-Union Radio Opera da Symphony Orchestra, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya kasance a shugaban na Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mutane da yawa, an kiyaye kyawawan ayyukansa na operas a cikin wasan kwaikwayo - Wagner's Lohengrin da Meistersingers, Rossini's The Thieving Magpies da Italiyanci a Algeria, Tchaikovsky's Enchantresses ... Kuma duk abin da Samosuda ya yi don haɓaka fasahar Soviet ba zai kasance ba. mawaka ko masoyan kida ba su manta ba.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek