Fret ayyuka |
Fret ayyuka - ma'anar sautuka da ma'anoni a cikin jituwa (tsarin tsayi).
F.l. wakiltar bayyanar haɗin kai na kiɗa-semantic, ta hanyar abin da ake samun ma'ana da haɗin kai na muses. duka. A al'adar Rasha kalmomi yanayin yawanci fassara a matsayin generalizing category dangane da kowane irin farar tsarin (daga tsoho, gabas, jama'a halaye zuwa iri-iri da hadaddun farar Tsarin na sana'a music na 20th karni). Saboda haka, manufar F.l. shi ma ya fi kowa, yana da alaƙa da mafi yawan ɓarna. nau'ikan ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar kiɗa da ma'anar sauti da ma'ana, kodayake suna ba da izinin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa a cikin ɗayan nau'ikan (ma'anarsu a cikin tsarin modal - "hanyoyi" na musamman na kiɗa na ƙarni na 14-15, ya bambanta da dabi'u, alal misali, a cikin Harmonic tonality na 18th-19th ƙarni a matsayin na musamman irin tsarin modal). Tun da siffofin yanayin yanayin suna canzawa ta tarihi, to F. l. yadda ƙayyadaddun alaƙar sauti suka samo asali a tarihi, da sauye-sauye zuwa ƙarin ci gaba da rikitarwa nau'ikan ph. a ƙarshe yana nuna ci gaban muses. tunani.
Tsarin tsarin F.l. ya dogara da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙungiyar masu tsayi, wanda a cikin tsarinsa yana karɓar wasu ma'anoni, da kuma nau'i na ma'anar kiɗa (sauti) na ma'ana. dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa na tsarin modal (tsawo). Duk abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin suna karɓar mahimmancin tsarin, duka biyu masu sauƙi (a matakin farko na kayan aiki) da kuma haɗawa (a manyan matakan haɗin kai na abubuwa masu sauƙi a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa). Abubuwa masu sauƙi - otd. sautuna ("monads"), tazara, sau biyu ("dyads"), triads ("triads"), sauran maƙallan kamar kayan tsarin. Haɗin kai - Dec. nau'in "microlads" a cikin abun da ke ciki na yanayin (misali, tetrachords, pentachords, trichords a cikin tsarin mafi yawan nau'in monodich. halaye; wasu ƙungiyoyin maɗaukaki, subsystems, maɗaukaki tare da sautunan da ke kusa da kosonances, da dai sauransu a cikin polygonal halaye. ). Wani F.l. samu, misali, c.-l. manyan raka'o'in modal (ɗaya ko wani tonality, tsarin) dangane da wasu na iri ɗaya a cikin babban guda ɗaya (tonality na jigon sakandare kamar D zuwa babban tonic, da dai sauransu). Muz.-ma'ana. dangantaka a fagen yanayin ana bayyana su a cikin rarraba abubuwa na modal zuwa babba (tsakiyar) da na ƙasa (na gefe), sannan a cikin ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na ma'anar fassarar na ƙarshe; don haka muhimmiyar rawa na nau'in tushe a matsayin tsakiya F. l. a daban-daban gyare-gyarensa (duba Lad). Ingantacciyar fahimta (ji) na kiɗa yana ɗaukar tunani a cikin nau'ikan waɗancan F.l., waɗanda ke cikin wannan kida ta musamman. tsarin (misali, yin amfani da tsarin Yammacin Turai na manya da ƙanana tare da na'urorin rehonograph ɗin su don sarrafa tsoffin waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha, fassarar duk tsarin firam ɗin daga mahangar jituwa ta Yammacin Turai na ƙarni na 18-19 tare da F. l., da sauransu).
Yana da mahimmanci ga F.l. bambanci 2 main. nau'ikan tsarin modal (sauti) dangane da tsarin kayan su - monophonic ko polyphonic (a cikin karni na 20 kuma sonorant). Don haka mafi girman rabon nau'ikan F. l. zuwa monodic da chord-harmonic. P.l. a daban-daban tsoho, tsakiyar karni. da Nar. monodic. hanyoyi (watau monodic F.l.) a haƙiƙance suna da alaƙa da juna. Zuwa sauki monodich. F.l. (watau ma'auni na daidaitattun sautunan ɗaiɗai da saƙo) da farko sun haɗa da ƙimar Ch. goyan bayan damuwa: tsakiya. sautin (tsayawa, sautin magana, tonic; manufarsa ita ce ta zama tsarin tallafi na tunanin kiɗa), sautin ƙarshe (finalis; a yawancin lokuta ya dace da sautin tsakiya, wanda kuma ana iya kiransa finalis), sautin magana na biyu. (sakamakon , sautin maimaitawa, confinalis, sautin rinjaye, rinjaye; yawanci ana haɗa su tare da ƙarshe); Har ila yau, goyon bayan gida (cibiyoyin gida, wurare masu canzawa; idan masu goyon baya suna motsawa daga manyan sautunan yanayin zuwa gefe), sautin farko (initialis, farko; 1st sautin waƙar; sau da yawa ya zo daidai da na ƙarshe). Don hada monodich. F.l. sun haɗa da ƙimar da aka ƙayyade. juyin juya hali na melodic, wakoki - ƙarshe na yau da kullun. dabara, clauses (a wasu lokuta, su sautunan su ma suna da nasu tsarin ayyuka, misali, ultima, penultima da antepenultima; duba Cadence), hankula farko juya (farawa, qaddamarwa), tsoho Rasha waka dabara. waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin Gregorian. Dubi, alal misali, bambancin F.l. tsakiya. sautin (as1) da sautin ƙarshe (es1) a cikin misali a st. Hanyoyin Girka na dā (shafi na 306), finalis da sakamako - a Art. Tsakanin tsaka-tsaki; duba canje-canjen tallafin gida (e1, d1, e1) a cikin waƙar "Ubangiji na yi kuka" a St. Tsarin sauti (ginshiƙi 447), bambanta F. l. Sautunan farko da na ƙarshe a cikin waƙar "Antarbahis" a St. Waƙar Indiya (shafi na 511). Dubi kuma dabi'u (watau F. l.) na al'ada melodic. juyin juya hali (misali, farko, na ƙarshe) a cikin fasaha. Hanyoyin zamani (ginshiƙi 241), Melody (ginshiƙi 520), Cikakkun bayanai (shafi 366), waƙar Znamenny (ginshiƙai 466-67), Melody (shafi 519).
Systems F.l. a cikin polygon frets, yana haɗa kayan fret iri biyu (mai kai ɗaya da masu kawuna da yawa), suna da ɗabi'a mai girma biyu (interdimensional). A cikin muryoyin waƙa, musamman a cikin manyan (duba Melody), suna bayyana monodich. F. l.; suna shiga tsaka mai wuya da F. l. a tsaye consonances (duba. Harmony), samar da, musamman, da dabi'u na abubuwa na daya Layer na F. l. dangane da abubuwan wani (misali, sautunan melodic dangane da maɗaukaki, ko akasin haka; “interlayer”, phlebotomy interdimensional, wanda ya taso daga hulɗar monodic da chord-harmonic phlebodies). Saboda haka fasaha. dukiya F.l. a cikin kiɗan da aka haɓaka polyphony. Hasashen chord-harmonic. F.l. waƙar yana shafar yawancin sautunan sauti (tsalle), wanda aka gane azaman aiki guda ɗaya (suna adawa da aikin da ya bambanta "masu wucewa" wucewa da sautunan ƙarin), a cikin raguwar ƙimar mahimmanci na farko na tashin hankali na layi (mafi girma). – mafi tsanani) a cikin ni'imar jituwa-aiki (girma tashin hankali lokacin da barin tushe, da raguwa - lokacin da komawa zuwa kafuwar), a maye gurbin da melodic basso continuo tare da zigzag tsalle line basse fondamentale, da dai sauransu Tasirin monodic F. l. on chord-harmonic yana nunawa a cikin ainihin ma'anar ainihin. Ayyukan tonal (sautin tsakiya - tsakiya na tsakiya, tonic; repercussion - rinjaye maɗaukaki), kuma tasirin su akan jerin waƙoƙi yana bayyana a cikin tsari ta hanyar babba. sauti matakai (su monophonic phonographs) na zabi da kuma ma'anar ma'ana na ma'anar mawaƙa daidaita waƙa (misali, a cikin karshe cadence na mawaƙa "Tsarki" daga opera "Ivan Susanin" - darajar ga jituwa na kashin baya sautin waƙar da ke goyan bayan waƙar:
cf. Tsarin dijital), a cikin nuni. Ikon cin gashin kai na rukunin modal na waƙar waƙa a cikin tsarin polyphony (misali, a cikin jin daɗin daidaiton madaidaicin tsarin tsarin jigo mai kai ɗaya a cikin masana'antar polygonal na fugue, wani lokacin har ma da cin karo da Ph. l. na wasu muryoyin). Ana samun alaƙar aikin tsaka-tsaki a cikin lokuta na abstraction daga al'ada F.l. sautuna da ra'ayoyin tsarin da aka ba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hulɗar nau'i-nau'i (monodic da chord-harmonic) F.l. Da, monodic. F.l. a cikin waƙar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar F. l. D 7, an canza su har zuwa jujjuyawar nauyi gaba ɗaya (misali, sautin mataki na farko yana yin nauyi zuwa na 1, da sauransu); Ma'anar sunan farko F.l. Sautunan waƙa suna samuwa, alal misali, aikin kwafi (a cikin faubourdon, farkon organum, a cikin kiɗa na karni na 7, duba, alal misali, kuma piano prelude na C. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").
Ma'anar daidaituwa na tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance (musamman a cikin ƙarni na 15-16) yana da ma'auni na monodic. da kuma harmonic chord. F.l. (yawanci tunanin layi-polyphonic); nuni sune ka'idojin tantance yanayin da rinjaye F. l. “by tenor”, wato murya daya kowacce; kamar sautunan waƙar waƙar baƙar magana. matakai da yardar kaina bi juna, da kuma ayyana. babu wani takamaiman zaɓi don ƙididdigewa azaman manyan waɗanda ke cikin jituwa; a waje da cadences, "haɗin tonal na iya zama ba ya nan gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane maɗaukaki… na iya biye da juna" (SI Taneev, 1909; duba, alal misali, samfuran kiɗan J. Palestrina a St. Polyphony, ginshiƙai 347, 348, Josquin Despres - a cikin labarin Canon, shafi na 692).
Tonal jituwa (ƙarni na 17-19) an yi masa alama da fifikon chord-harmonic. F.l. sama da monodic (duba sautin masu jituwa, Ayyukan masu jituwa, Tonality, Maɗaukaki, Maɗaukaki, Tonic, Manyan, Ƙarami, Modulation, Ragewa, Ayyuka masu canzawa, Dangantakar maɓallai). Kamar dai biyu-fret “harmonic. tonality "Yamma-Turai. kiɗan na roba ne. tsarin modal na nau'i na musamman, nau'ikansa na F. l. akwai na musamman. nau'in su, wanda ake kira "aikin tonal" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Ayyuka na al'ada (T, D, S) suna aiki akan tushen mafi girman dangantakar halitta - haɗin quintal tsakanin babban. Sautunan ƙira akan matakan IV-IV - a zahiri ba tare da la'akari da ɗayan ko ɗayan halayen halayen su ba (misali, akan ko tonic babba ne ko ƙarami); don haka yana da takamaiman a nan. kalmar "ayyukan tonal" (daidai da kalmar "ayyukan modal"), kuma ba gabaɗaya "F. l." (hada duka biyun). Harmonic tonality yana da halin ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi na aiki zuwa cibiyar. maƙarƙashiya (tonic), shiga cikin tsarin gabaɗayan damuwa, musamman mabanbanta masu jituwa. ayyuka na kowane consonance da otd. sauti tazara. Saboda ikon tonal ayyuka, "tonality na wani sashi yana rinjayar tonality na wani, farkon yanki yana rinjayar ƙarshe" (SI Taneev, 1909).
Canje-canje zuwa kiɗan ƙarni na 20 wanda aka kwatanta da farko ta hanyar sabunta kayan gargajiya. ayyuka (yin aiki a matsayin babban samfurin don yawancin sababbin tsarin haɗin gwiwar aiki), ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin sauti daga al'ada. da sabunta kayan tonal. Saboda haka, fasaha na jujjuyawar aiki ("canzawa" da kuma sake haifuwar tonal nauyi) ya yadu: jagorancin motsi daga tsakiya zuwa gefe (R. Wagner, gabatarwa ga opera "Tristan da Isolde"), daga tsaye zuwa ga opera. unsteady (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh da Maiden Fevronia", karshen 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, jituwa a samar op. 40-50), daga consonance zuwa dissonance da kuma, kara, hali don kauce wa consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), daga maƙarƙashiya zuwa tsarin da ba a haɗa shi ba (bayyanar sautunan gefe a cikin ma'auni a sakamakon gyara jinkiri, karin taimako da sauran sautunan da ba a haɗa su ba a cikin ta. tsarin). Tare da sake haifuwar al'ada. tsoho F.l. ta wannan hanya, misali, dissonant tonality tasowa (Scriabin, marigayi sonatas for pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st act, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, see musical misali in Art. Accord, shafi na 82, 1st chord - T ), hanyoyin da aka samo asali (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 2, Maris daga opera "Love for Three Lemu" - daga C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st motsi, farkon gefen gefen nunin - kamar yadda -moll a matsayin abin da aka samu na T daga G-dur), sifofin atonic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6th Symphony, 1st part, main section of side part ; Fis-dur tonic chord ya bayyana ne kawai a kashi na karshe). A kan sabon tushe, an sake farfado da ire-iren hanyoyin; saboda haka, nau'ikan nau'ikan F. l. (Ayyukan tsarin, ma'anar sautuna da ma'ana a cikin tsarin da aka ba).
A cikin sabon kiɗa na karni na 20. tare da nau'ikan gargajiya F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, musamman tonal) kuma an gabatar da wasu ayyuka na tsarin aiki, suna nuna ma'anar ma'anar abubuwa, musamman a cikin fasahar cibiyar ("haɓaka bambance-bambance" a matsayin maimaituwar da aka zaɓa da sauri. rukunin sauti, kamar yadda yake, wani bambanci akansa). Ayyuka na tsakiya suna da mahimmanci. tsawo (abutment high-altitude) a cikin nau'i na otd. sauti (sautin tsakiya, bisa ga IF Stravinsky - "sanduna"; misali, a cikin wasan piano "Signs on White", 1974, sautin a2 ta EV Denisov; duba kuma misali a cikin Art. Dodecaphony, shafi na 274, sautin tsakiya es ), tsakiya. Consonances (misali polychord Fis-dur + C-dur a cikin tushe na 2nd scene na Stravinsky ta ballet "Petrushka", duba misali a Art. Polychord, shafi na 329), tsakiya. matsayi na jerin (misali, jerin a matsayi ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis a cikin zagayowar muryar Webern op. 25, duba misali a cikin labarin Pointillism). Lokacin amfani da sonorno-harmonic. dabara, ma'anar tabbatar da wani abu mai tsayi mai tsayi yana yiwuwa ba tare da bayyana ainihin asali ba. sautunan (ƙarshen ƙarshen wasan kidan piano na 2 na RK Shchedrin). Duk da haka, amfani da kalmar "F. l." dangane da abubuwa da yawa na jituwa a cikin karni na 20. alama yana da matsala (ko ma ba zai yiwu ba), ma'anarsu na buƙatar haɓaka ƙayyadaddun kalmomi.
References: duba ƙarƙashin labaran da aka ambata.
Yu. N. Kholopov
