Faustina Bordoni |

Faustina Bordoni

Muryar Bordoni-Hasse tana da ruwa sosai. Ba wanda zai iya maimaita irin wannan sautin da irin wannan sautin sai ita, a daya bangaren kuma, ta san yadda ake rike da rubutu har abada.

"Hasse-Bordoni ya shiga tarihin gidan wasan opera a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wakilan makarantar muryar bel canto," in ji SM Grishchenko. – Muryar mawaƙin tana da ƙarfi kuma mai sassauƙa, na musamman a cikin haske da motsi; An bambanta waƙarta da kyawun sauti mai ban sha'awa, bambancin launi na palette na timbre, daɗaɗɗen bayyana ma'anar jumla da bayyananniyar ƙamus, magana mai ban mamaki a cikin jinkirin, cantilena mai ban sha'awa da kyawawan halaye masu ban mamaki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na trills, fioritura, mordents, wurare masu hawa da gangarowa… arziƙin inuwa masu ƙarfi (daga arziƙin fortissimo zuwa mafi ƙarancin pianissimo). Hasse-Bordoni yana da dabarar salon salo, gwanintar fasaha mai haske, kyakkyawan aikin mataki, da fara'a da ba kasafai ba."

An haifi Faustina Bordoni a shekara ta 1695 (bisa ga wasu tushe, a cikin 1693 ko 1700) a Venice. Ta fito daga dangin Venetian masu daraja, an girma a cikin gidan aristocratic na I. Renier-Lombria. Anan Faustina ya sadu da Benedetto Marcello kuma ya zama dalibinsa. Yarinyar ta yi karatun rera waka a Venice, a Pieta Conservatory, tare da Francesco Gasparini. Sa'an nan ta inganta tare da sanannen mawaƙin castrato Antonio Bernacchi.

Bordoni ya fara bayyana a kan wasan opera a 1716 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Venetian "San Giovanni Cristostomo" a farkon wasan opera "Ariodante" na C.-F. Pollarolo. Sa'an nan, a kan wannan mataki, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farko na operas "Eumeke" na Albinoni da "Alexander Sever" na Lotti. Tuni wasan kwaikwayo na farko na matashin mawaki ya yi nasara sosai. Bordoni ya zama sananne da sauri, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mawaƙa na Italiyanci. 'Yan Venetian masu kishi sun ba ta sunan barkwanci Sabuwar Sirena.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin 1719 taron farko na kirkiro tsakanin mawaƙa da Cuzzoni ya faru a Venice. Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa a cikin ƙasa da shekaru goma za su zama masu shiga cikin sanannen yakin internecine a London.

A cikin shekarun 1718-1723 Bordoni yawon shakatawa a Italiya. Ta yi, musamman, a Venice, Florence, Milan (Ducale Theater), Bologna, Naples. A 1723 da singer ziyarci Munich, kuma a 1724/25 ta rera waka a Vienna, Venice da Parma. Kudaden taurari suna da ban mamaki - har zuwa guilders dubu 15 a shekara! Bayan haka, Bordoni ba wai kawai yana raira waƙa da kyau ba, har ma yana da kyau da kuma aristocratic.

Mutum zai iya fahimtar yadda yake da wahala ga Handel ya "lalata" irin wannan tauraro. Shahararren mawaki ya zo Vienna, zuwa kotun sarki Charles VI, musamman ga Bordoni. Donna "tsohuwar" sa a "Kingstier" Cuzzoni yana da jariri, kuna buƙatar kunna shi lafiya. Mawaƙin ya sami nasarar kulla yarjejeniya tare da Bordoni, yana ba ta fam 500 fiye da Cuzzoni.

Kuma yanzu jaridun Landan suna cike da jita-jita game da sabon prima donna. A 1726, da singer raira waƙa a karon farko a kan mataki na Royal Theater a cikin Handel sabon opera Alexander.

Shahararren marubuci Romain Rolland daga baya ya rubuta:

"An ba da Opera na London ga castrati da prima donnas, da kuma son son masu kare su. A shekara ta 1726, fitacciyar mawakiyar Italiya a wancan lokacin, shahararriyar Faustina, ta isa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasannin London sun juya zuwa gasa na larynxes na Faustina da Cuzzoni, suna fafatawa a cikin sauti - gasa tare da kukan magoya bayansu. Handel ya rubuta "Alessandro" (Mayu 5, 1726) domin kare kanka da wani m duel tsakanin wadannan biyu taurari na troupe, wanda ya raira waƙa da matsayin Alexander biyu m. Duk da haka, gwanin ban mamaki na Handel ya nuna kansa a wurare masu kyau a Admeto (Janairu 31, 1727), wanda girmansa ya yi kama da jan hankalin masu sauraro. Amma kishiyoyin masu fasaha ba wai kawai ba su kwantar da hankali daga wannan ba, amma ya zama mai ban sha'awa. Kowacce jam'iyya ta ci gaba da zama a kan 'yan jaridu masu ba da mugayen fitila a kan abokan hamayyarsu. Cuzzoni da Faustina sun kai ga wani yanayi na bacin rai wanda a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1727, suka kama gashin juna a kan mataki, suka yi yaƙi da ruri na dukan zauren a gaban Gimbiya Wales.

Tun daga nan, komai ya juye. Handel yayi ƙoƙari ya karbi ragamar mulki, amma, kamar yadda abokinsa Arbuthnot ya ce, "shaidan ya rabu": ba zai yiwu a sake saka shi a kan sarkar ba. An rasa shari'ar, duk da sabbin ayyuka guda uku da Handel ya yi, inda walƙiyar hazakarsa ke haskakawa ... Wata ƙaramar kibiya da John Gay da Pepush suka harba, wato: "Beggars Opera" ("Beggars' Opera"), ta kammala shan kashi. London Opera Academy…”

Bordoni ya yi a London na tsawon shekaru uku, yana shiga cikin abubuwan farko na wasan kwaikwayo na Handel Admet, Sarkin Thessaly (1727), Richard I, Sarkin Ingila (1727), Cyrus, Sarkin Farisa (1728), Ptolemy, Sarkin Masar. (1728). Mawaƙin kuma ya rera waƙa a cikin Astyanax na J.-B. Bononcini a 1727.

Bayan ya bar London a shekara ta 1728, Bordoni ya zagaya birnin Paris da sauran garuruwan Faransa. A wannan shekarar, ta shiga cikin samar da farko na Albinoni's Fortitude a gwaji a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ducal na Milan. A cikin 1728/29 kakar, mai zane ya rera waka a Venice, kuma a 1729 ta yi a Parma da Munich. Bayan yawon shakatawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turin "Reggio" a 1730, Bordoni ya koma Venice. A nan, a 1730, ta sadu da Jamus mawaki Johann Adolf Hasse, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bandmaster a Venice.

Hasse na daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan wancen lokacin. Wannan shi ne abin da Romain Rolland ya ba wa mawaƙin Jamus: "Hasse ya zarce Porpora a cikin fara'a na waƙoƙin waƙarsa, wanda Mozart ne kawai ya daidaita shi, kuma a cikin kyautarsa ​​na mallakar ƙungiyar makaɗa, ya bayyana a cikin rakiyar kayan aiki mai wadata, ba ƙasa da waƙa fiye da na waƙar ba. waka da kanta. …”

A 1730, mawaƙa da mawaki sun haɗu da aure. Tun daga wannan lokacin Faustina ta fi yin manyan ayyuka a wasan opera na mijinta.

"Wasu ma'aurata a 1731 sun tafi Dresden, zuwa kotun Zaɓe na Saxony Augustus II Mai ƙarfi," in ji E. Tsodokov. – Zaman Jamus na rayuwa da aikin shahararren prima donna ya fara. Miji mai nasara, wanda ya ƙware wajen faranta wa jama’a rai, ya rubuta opera bayan wasan opera (duka 56), matar tana rera waƙa a cikinsu. Wannan "kasuwanci" yana kawo babban kudin shiga (masu sayar da kayayyaki 6000 a shekara ga kowane). A cikin shekarun 1734-1763, a lokacin mulkin Augustus III (dan Augustus the Strong), Hasse ya kasance mai jagorantar Opera na Italiya a Dresden…

Kwarewar Faustina ta ci gaba da jawo sha'awa. A 1742, Frederick Mai Girma ya sha'awar ta.

Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa sun yaba da babban Johann Sebastian Bach, wanda ma'auratan ke da abota. Ga abin da ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa game da mawaki SA Morozov:

"Bach kuma ya ci gaba da dangantakar abokantaka tare da mashawarcin kiɗa na Dresden, marubucin operas, Johann Adolf Hasse ...

Mai 'yanci kuma mai zaman kansa, mai fasaha na duniya, Hasse ya riƙe ɗan Jamusanci a cikin kansa ko da a zahiri. Hanci mai ɗan jujjuyawa ƙarƙashin goshi mai kumbura, yanayin fuskar kudanci mai raɗaɗi, leɓuna masu sha'awa, cikakken haɓɓaka. Mallakar gwanin ban mamaki, ilimi mai zurfi na adabin kide-kide, hakika, ya yi farin ciki da samun kwatsam a cikin wani mawaƙin Jamus, mai kula da kiɗa da mawaki daga lardin Leipzig, bayan haka, mai shiga tsakani wanda ya san aikin mawaƙa na Italiyanci da Faransanci daidai.

Matar Hasse, mawaƙin Venetia Faustina, nee Bordoni, ta yi wasan opera. Tana da shekara talatin. Kyakkyawan ilimin murya, ƙwararrun fasaha na fasaha, bayanan waje mai haske da alheri, wanda aka haɓaka akan mataki, da sauri ya sa ta gaba a cikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. A wani lokaci ta faru ta shiga cikin nasara na waƙar opera ta Handel, yanzu ta sadu da Bach. Mai zane daya tilo wanda ya san manyan masu kirkiro kidan Jamus guda biyu sosai.

An san cewa a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1731, Bach, da alama tare da Friedemann, ya saurari farkon wasan opera na Hasse's Cleophida a zauren Dresden Royal Opera. Friedemann, mai yiwuwa, ya ɗauki "waƙoƙin Dresden" tare da babban sha'awar. Amma Uba Bach kuma ya yaba wa kiɗan Italiyanci na gaye, musamman Faustina a cikin taken taken yana da kyau. To, sun san yarjejeniyar, waɗannan Hasses. Kuma makaranta mai kyau. Kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa tana da kyau. Bravo!

… Ganawa a Dresden tare da ma'auratan Hasse, Bach da Anna Magdalena sun nuna musu karimci a Leipzig. A ranar Lahadi ko biki, baƙi na babban birnin kasar ba za su iya taimakawa ba sai dai su saurari wani Bach cantata a ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u. Wataƙila sun je wurin kide-kide na Kwalejin Kiɗa kuma sun ji a can sun ji abubuwan da Bach ya yi tare da ɗalibai.

Kuma a cikin falo na ɗakin cantor, a lokacin kwanakin zuwan masu zane-zane na Dresden, kiɗa ya yi sauti. Faustina Hasse ta zo gidaje masu daraja sanye da kayan kwalliya, ba kakkautawa, da adon kwalliya na gaye, wanda ya ɗan yi nauyi a fuskarta mai kyau. A cikin ɗakin cantor, ta fito cikin tufafi masu kyau - a cikin zuciyarta ta ji wahalar makomar Anna Magdalena, wadda ta katse aikinta na fasaha don kare hakkin mata da mahaifiyarta.

A cikin gidan cantor, ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, opera prima donna, na iya yin soprano aria daga Bach's cantatas ko Passions. Kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe na Italiyanci da Faransanci sun yi ta ƙara a cikin waɗannan sa'o'i.

Lokacin da Reich ya zo, guntun Bach tare da sassan solo don kayan aikin iska suma sun yi busa.

Kuyanga tana hidimar abincin dare. Kowane mutum yana zaune a teburin - da manyan baƙi, da abokan Leipzig, da 'yan gida, da ɗaliban masters, idan an kira su yau don kunna kiɗa.

Tare da kocin safiya, ma'auratan masu fasaha za su tashi zuwa Dresden… "

A matsayinta na jagoran soloist na Kotun Dresden Opera, Faustina kuma ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Italiya, Jamus, da Faransa. A wancan lokacin akwai da'a ta musamman. Prima donna tana da hakkin ta sa jirginta a kan mataki ya ɗauki shafi ɗaya, kuma idan ta taka rawar gimbiya, biyu. Shafukan ya biyo bayanta. Ta mallaki wurin girmamawa a hannun dama na sauran mahalarta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, domin, a matsayin mai mulkin, ita ce mafi daraja a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Lokacin da Faustina Hasse a 1748 ta rera Dirka, wanda daga baya ya zama gimbiya, a cikin Demofont, ta bukaci wani wuri mafi girma ga kanta fiye da Gimbiya Creusa, ainihin aristocrat. Marubucin da kansa, mawallafin Metastasio, dole ne ya shiga tsakani don tilasta Faustina ya ba da gudummawa.

A shekara ta 1751, mawaƙin, kasancewa a cikin cikakkiyar ƙarfin ikonta, ya bar mataki, ya ba da kansa ga renon yara biyar. Sannan dangin Hasse ya ziyarci ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihin waƙa na wancan lokacin, mawaki kuma organist C. Burney. Ya rubuta musamman:

"Bayan cin abincin dare tare da Mai Girma Monsignor Visconti, sakatarensa ya sake kai ni wurin Signor Gasse a Landstrasse, mafi kyawun duk unguwannin Vienna… Signora Faustina tana da yawan magana kuma har yanzu tana da masaniya game da duk abin da ke faruwa a duniya. Har yanzu tana riƙe da ragowar kyawawan abubuwan da ta shahara a ƙuruciyarta har tsawon shekaru saba'in da biyu, amma ba kyakkyawar muryarta ba!

Na ce ta yi waka. "Ah, ba shakka! Ka yi la'akari da abin da ke faruwa!" ("Kaito, ba zan iya ba! Na yi asarar duk kyautata"), in ji ta.

... Faustina, wacce ta kasance tarihin rayuwa ta tarihin kiɗa, ta ba ni labarai da yawa game da ƴan wasan zamaninta; Ta yi magana da yawa game da irin kyawun salon da Handel yake yi na kaɗa kaɗe-kaɗe da gayu a lokacin da take Ingila, ta ce ta tuna da zuwan Farinelli a Venice a shekara ta 1728, jin daɗi da mamakin da aka saurara da shi a lokacin.

Duk mutanen zamani baki ɗaya sun lura da ra'ayin da Faustina ta yi. Fasahar mawakiyar ta samu sha'awar V.-A. Mozart, A. Zeno, I.-I. Fushi, J.-B. Mancini da sauran mutanen zamani na mawakin. Mawaƙin I.-I. Quantz ya lura: "Faustina tana da mezzo-soprano mai tsabta fiye da mai rai. Sai kewayon muryarta daga ƙaramar octave h zuwa biyu-quarter g, amma daga baya ta faɗaɗa ta ƙasa. Ta mallaki abin da Italiyanci ke kira un canto granito; aikinta a sarari yake da haske. Tana da harshe mai motsi wanda ya ba ta damar furta kalmomi da sauri da kuma tsantsan, da kuma maƙogwaro mai kyau ga sassa masu kyau da sauri da sauri wanda za ta iya rera waƙa ba tare da shiri ba, lokacin da ta yarda. Ko sassan suna da santsi ko tsalle, ko sun ƙunshi maimaita sauti iri ɗaya, sun kasance masu sauƙin wasa a gare ta kamar kowane kayan aiki. Ba shakka ita ce ta farko da ta fara gabatarwa, kuma tare da nasara, saurin maimaita sauti iri ɗaya. Ta rera Adagio cikin jin daɗi da bayyanawa, amma ba koyaushe cikin nasara ba idan mai sauraro za a jefa cikin baƙin ciki mai zurfi ta hanyar zane, glissando ko rubutattun rubutu da ɗan lokaci rubato. Tana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar gaske mai farin ciki don sauye-sauye na sabani da kayan ado, da kuma tsabta da sauri na hukunci, wanda ya ba ta damar ba da cikakken karfi da magana ga kalmomi. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi sa'a sosai; kuma tun da ta yi daidai da sarrafa tsoka mai sassauƙa da kalamai daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da yanayin fuska, ta taka rawar gani daidai gwargwado a matsayin jarumai na tashin hankali, ƙauna da taushi; a wata kalma, an haife ta don waƙa da wasa.

Bayan mutuwar Agusta III a 1764, ma'auratan zauna a Vienna, kuma a 1775 suka bar Venice. Anan mawakin ya rasu a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1781.