Gong: ƙirar kayan aiki, tarihin asali, nau'ikan, amfani

A farkon shekarar 2020, ma'aikatan kasar Sin daga birnin Changle sun gano wani katafaren kayyakin katuwar tagulla a wurin gini. Bayan nazarinsa, masana tarihi sun ƙaddara cewa gong ɗin da aka gano na zamanin daular Shang ne (1046 BC). An ƙawata samanta da karimci da kayan ado, hotunan gajimare da walƙiya, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 33. Abin mamaki shine, ana amfani da irin waɗannan tsoffin kayan kida a yau a fagen ilimi, kiɗan opera, al'adun ƙasa, don zaman jiyya da tunani.

Tarihin asali

An yi amfani da babban gong don dalilai na al'ada. Ya bayyana fiye da shekaru 3000 da suka wuce, ana daukarsa wani tsohon kayan aikin kasar Sin ne. Sauran ƙasashe a kudu maso gabashin Asiya suma suna da irin wannan wawa. An yi imani cewa sauti mai ƙarfi yana iya korar mugayen ruhohi. Ya bazu cikin raƙuman ruwa a sararin samaniya, ya shigar da mutane cikin yanayin da ke kusa da hayyacinsa.

Bayan lokaci, an fara amfani da gong don tara mazauna, don sanar da zuwan muhimman mutane. A zamanin d ¯ a, ya kasance kayan kiɗa na soja, yana kafa sojoji don halakar da maƙiya marar tausayi, ƙwararrun makamai.

Majiyoyin tarihi sun yi nuni da asalin gong a kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin a tsibirin Java. Ya yi sauri ya sami karbuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar, ya fara yin sauti a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Lokaci ya zama ba shi da wani iko a kan ƙirƙirar tsohuwar Sinawa. Ana amfani da na'urar sosai a yau a cikin kiɗan gargajiya, kade-kade na kade-kade, opera.

Gong gini

Babban faifan ƙarfe da aka dakatar a kan tallafin ƙarfe ko itace, wanda aka buga da mallet - maleta. A saman ne concave, diamita iya zama daga 14 zuwa 80 santimita. Gong ɗin wawa ne na ƙarfe tare da wani takamaiman sauti, na dangin ƙarfe. Don kera kayan kaɗe-kaɗe, ana amfani da allunan ƙarfe da tagulla.

A lokacin Wasa, mawaƙin ya bugi ɓangarori daban-daban na da'irar tare da maleta, yana haifar da rawar jiki. Sautin da aka fitar yana haɓaka, daidai yana cin amanar yanayin damuwa, asiri, tsoro. Yawancin lokaci kewayon sauti baya wuce ƙaramin octave, amma ana iya kunna gong zuwa wani sautin.

iri

A cikin amfani na zamani, akwai gongo sama da dozin guda uku daga manya zuwa ƙanana. Mafi na kowa shine tsarin da aka dakatar. Ana wasa da su da sanduna, irin waɗannan ana amfani da su don yin ganga. Mafi girman diamita na kayan aiki, mafi girma malets.

Na'urori masu siffar kofin suna da dabarun wasa daban-daban. Mawaƙin ya “yi iskar” gong ta hanyar gudu da yatsansa tare da kewayensa kuma ya buga da mallet. Yana samar da karin sautin farin ciki. Irin waɗannan kayan aikin ana amfani da su sosai a addinin Buddha.

Mafi yawan nau'in gong a yamma shine kwanon waƙa na Nepalese da ake amfani da shi wajen maganin sauti. Girman sa na iya bambanta daga inci 4 zuwa 8, kuma yanayin ƙayyadaddun sauti shine nauyin gram.

Akwai wasu nau'ikan:

• chau - a zamanin da sun taka rawar siren 'yan sanda na zamani, a cikin sautin abin da ya wajaba don share hanyar wucewar manyan mutane. Girma daga 7 zuwa 80 inci. Fuskar ta kusan lebur, an lanƙwasa gefuna a kusurwar dama. Dangane da girman, kayan aikin an ba su sunayen Rana, Wata da taurari daban-daban. Don haka sautunan Solar Gong na iya samun tasiri mai amfani akan tsarin juyayi, kwantar da hankali, rage damuwa.
• jing and fuyin – na’urar da ke da diamita na inci 12, mai kama da ƙananan mazugi mai ɗanɗano mai siffa. Zane na musamman yana ba ku damar rage sautin sauti yayin aikin kiɗan.
• "Nono" - na'urar tana da kumburi a tsakiyar da'irar, wanda aka yi da wani nau'i na daban. A madadin haka yana bugun jikin gong, sannan "nono", mawaƙin yana musanya tsakanin sauti mai yawa da haske.
• fung luo - zane yana wakiltar na'urori biyu tare da diamita daban-daban. Mafi girma yana rage sautin, ƙarami yana ɗaga shi. Sinawa suna kiran su da fung luo, suna amfani da su a wasannin opera.
• pasi - a cikin amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, ana amfani da shi don nuna alamar farkon wasan kwaikwayo.

  "brindle" ko hui yin - suna da sauƙin ruɗar da "opera". Na'urar tana iya rage sautin dan kadan. Yayin wasa, mawaƙin yana riƙe da faifan igiya.

• "Solar" ko feng - wasan opera, jama'a da kayan aiki na al'ada tare da kauri iri ɗaya a kan dukan yankin da kuma sauti mai sauri. Diamita daga 6 zuwa 40 inci.
• "iska" - yana da rami a tsakiya. Girman gong ya kai inci 40, sautin yana da tsayi, an zare shi, kamar kukan iska.
• heng luo – ikon cire dogon sautin pianissimo mai ruɓewa. Daya daga cikin nau'ikan shine gongs "hunturu". Siffar bambancin su shine ƙananan girmansu (inci 10 kawai) da "nonuwa" a tsakiya.

A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, baƙar fata, wawa mara kyau, wanda ake kira "Balinese" a Turai, ya zama tartsatsi. Siffar – saurin haɓakar sautin tare da samuwar staccato mai kaifi.

Matsayi a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa

Ana amfani da Gongs sosai a Peking Opera. A cikin sautin kade-kade, suna haifar da lafazin tashin hankali, mahimmancin taron, kuma suna nuna haɗari. A cikin kiɗan kiɗa, PI Tchaikovsky, MI Glinka, SV Rachmaninov, NA Rimsky-Korsakov sun yi amfani da kayan kida mafi tsufa. A cikin al'adun mutanen Asiya, sautinsa yana rakiyar lambobin rawa. Bayan wucewa ta cikin ƙarni, gong bai rasa ma'anarsa ba, ba a rasa ba. A yau yana ba da dama mafi girma don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin kiɗa na mawaƙa.