Conservatory |

ital. conservatorio, Faransa Conservatoire, Eng. conservatory, germ. Konservatorium, daga lat. kiyayewa - don karewa

Da farko, ana kiran K. duwatsu a Italiya. matsuguni na marayu da marasa gida, inda ake koya wa yara sana’o’in hannu, da kuma kade-kade, musamman waka (domin horar da mawaka a mawakan coci). Na farko daga cikinsu shi ne a 1537 a Naples - "Santa Maria di Loreto". A cikin karni na 16 an buɗe ƙarin matsuguni 3 a Naples: "Pieta dei Turchini", "Dei believe di Gesu Cristo" da "Sant'Onofrio a Capuana". A cikin karni na 17 da koyar da kiɗa ya ɗauki DOS. wuri a cikin ilimin yara reno. Matsugunan sun kuma horar da mawaka da mawaka. A cikin 1797 "Santa Maria di Loreto" da "Sant'Onofrio" sun haɗu, suna karɓar sunan. K. "Loreto a Capuana". A cikin 1806, sauran gidajen marayu guda 2 sun shiga tare da ita, suka kafa Sarki. Kwalejin kiɗa, daga baya King. K. "San Pietro a Maiella".

A Venice, cibiyoyin irin wannan. ospedale (watau asibiti, gidan marayu, gidan marayu ga gajiyayyu, marasa lafiya). A cikin karni na 16 sanannen: "Della Pieta", "Dei Mendicanti", "Incurabili" da ospedaletto (kawai ga 'yan mata) "Santi Giovanni e Paolo". A cikin karni na 18, ayyukan waɗannan cibiyoyin sun ragu. An kafa shi a cikin 1877, Benedetto Marcello Society ta buɗe kiɗa a Venice. lyceum, wanda ya zama jihar lyceum a 1895, an daidaita shi zuwa babbar makaranta a 1916, kuma a cikin 1940 an canza shi zuwa Lyceum na Jiha. K. im. Benedetto Marcelo.

A Roma a 1566, Palestrina ta kafa ikilisiya (al'umma) na mawaƙa, daga 1838 - Kwalejin (wanda ke cikin majami'u daban-daban, ciki har da Basilica na Santa Cecilia). A 1876, a Academy "Santa Cecilia" bude music. lyceum (tun 1919 K. "Santa Cecilia").

A cikin karni na 18 Italiya. K., inda 'yan kasashen waje su ma suka yi karatu, sun riga sun taka rawar gani wajen horar da mawaka da mawaka. Saboda karuwar bukatar horar da prof. mawaƙa a ƙasashe da yawa Zap. Turai a karni na 18 akwai kida na musamman uch. cibiyoyi. Daga cikin cibiyoyin farko na wannan nau'in akwai Sarki. makarantar rera waka da karantarwa a birnin Paris (wanda aka shirya a shekara ta 1784 a Royal Academy of Music; a shekara ta 1793 ta hade da makarantar kide-kide ta National Guard, ta kafa Cibiyar Kida ta Kasa, daga 1795 Faculty of Music and Recitation). (A cikin 1896, an kuma buɗe Schola Cantorum a Paris.) A cikin 1771, Sarki ya fara aiki a Stockholm. Makarantar Kiɗa mafi girma (daga 1880 Academy of Music, daga 1940 K.)

Wasu kiɗa. ku uch. cibiyoyi kamar K. ana kiran su academies, muses. in-tami, manyan makarantu na kiɗa, lyceums, kolejoji. A cikin 19th karni da yawa clubs da aka halitta: a Bologna (a cikin 1804 da Music Lyceum, a 1914 ya samu matsayin kulob din, a 1925 da aka mai suna G. B. Martini, tun 1942 Jihar K. mai suna bayan G. B. Martini), Berlin (a cikin 1804 makarantar rera waƙa, wanda C. F. Zelter, a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1820 na musamman ilimi ma'aikata kafa da shi, daga 1822 Cibiyar horar da organists da makaranta malaman music, daga 1875 Royal Institute of Church Music , daga 1922 da Jihar Academy of Church da School Music, a cikin 1933-45 Babban Makarantar Ilimin Kiɗa, sannan an haɗa shi cikin Makarantar Kiɗa ta Higher, a cikin wannan birni a cikin 1850, wanda Y. Stern, daga baya Stern Conservatory, bayan City of K. (a Yammacin Berlin), a wuri guda a cikin 2 Higher School of Music, wanda J. Joachim, a wuri guda a cikin 1869 da Jihar K., daga baya Higher School of Music mai suna bayan X. Eisler), Milan (a cikin 1950 Makarantar Kiɗa, tun 1808 G. Verdi C.), Florence (a cikin 1908 makaranta a Academy of Arts, daga 1811 da Music Institute, daga 1849 da Music School, daga 1851 Sarkin Music. in-t, tun 1860 K. su. L. Cherubini), Prague (1912; a wuri guda a cikin 1811 Academy of Arts, wanda ke da sashen kiɗa), Brussels (a cikin 1948 da Makarantar Kiɗa e, a cikin 1812 a gindin Korol. makarantar rera waƙa, daga 1823 K.), Warsaw (a cikin 1832, sashen kiɗa a Makarantar Drama, a cikin 1814 Makarantar Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo; a wuri guda a cikin 1816 a kan sashin fasaha na fasaha a cikin 1821 Cibiyar Kiɗa da Karatu, daga wannan shekarar K., daga Cibiyar Kiɗa ta 1861), Vienna (a cikin 1817 akan yunƙurin Ƙungiyar Abokan Kiɗa - Makarantar Waƙa, daga 1821 K., daga XNUMX Academy of Music and Stage Performance . Art-va), Parkhme (a cikin 1908 Choir School, daga 1818 Cibiyar Arts da Crafts, daga 1821 Carmine Music School, daga 1831 K. mai suna bayan A. Boito), London (1888, Royal Academy of Music), The Hague (a cikin 1822 King's Music School, daga 1826 K.), Liege (1908), Zagreb (a cikin 1827 da Musikverein Society, daga 1827 da Jama'a Land Music Institute, daga baya - Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Croatian). in-t, daga 1861 da Music Academy, a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1922 music makaranta, kafa ta Musikverein Society, daga 1829 da Music School na Croatian Music Institute daga 1870 K., daga 1916 Jihar K.), Genoa ( a 1921 da Music Lyceum, daga baya Music Lyceum mai suna bayan N. Paganini), Madrid (a cikin 1829, daga 1830 K. kiɗa da karantawa), Geneva (a cikin 1919), Lisbon (1835, Nat. K.), Budapest (a cikin 1836 National K., daga 1840 National Music School, Vpos bin National K. su. B. Bartok; a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1867 Academy of Music, tun 1875 da Higher School of Music. yi musu shari'a. F. Liszt), Rio de Janeiro (a cikin 1918 Sarkin K., daga 1841 National Music Institute, a 1890 ya zama wani ɓangare na jami'a, daga 1931 da National School of Music Bras. Jami'ar; akwai kuma a cikin 1937 da Braz. K., a wuri guda a cikin 1940 National K. Choral Singing, a wuri guda a cikin 1942 da Braz. Kwalejin Kiɗa mai suna bayan O. L. Fernandis), Lucca (1945, daga baya A. Boccherini), Leipzig (1842, wanda F. Mendelssohn, daga 1843 King K., daga 1876 Babbar Makarantar Kiɗa, a cikin 1941 a ƙarƙashinsa - F. Mendelssohn Academy), Munich (a cikin 1945 Babban Makarantar Kiɗa, daga 1846 K.

A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 K. cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙaru sosai. An bude K. a Darmstadt (a cikin 1851 Makarantar Kiɗa, daga 1922 Jihar K.), Boston (1853), Stuttgart (1856, daga 1896 Sarkin K.), Dresden (a cikin 1856 Babban Makarantar Kiɗa, daga 1918 Sarki K., daga 1937 Jihar K.), Bucharest (1864, daga baya C. Porumbescu K.), Luxembourg (1864), Copenhagen (a 1867 Royal Danish K., daga 1902 Copenhagen K., daga 1948 Jiha. K.), Turin (a cikin 1867 Makarantar Kiɗa, daga 1925 da Lyceum, daga 1935 da G. Verdi Conservatory), Antwerp (1867, daga 1898 da Royal Flemish K.), Basel (a cikin 1867 da Music School, daga 1905 Academy na Music), Baltimore da Chicago (1868), Montreal (1876), Frankfurt am Main (1878, Higher School of Music), Brno (1881, kafa ta Brno Conversation Society, a 1919 hade da Organ School, kafa a 1882). da Yednota Society, tun 1920 ta Jihar K.; a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1947 Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, tun 1969 mai suna bayan L. Janacek), Pesaro (a cikin 1882 da Music Lyceum, daga baya da ., shirya a da kudi na G. Rossini, kai sunansa), Bogota (a cikin 1882 da National Academy of Music, tun 1910 da National K.), Helsinki (a 1882 da Music School, tun 1924 K., tun 1939 da Academy su. Sibelius), Adelaide (a cikin 1883 kwalejin kiɗa, daga baya K.), Amsterdam (1884), Karlsruhe (a cikin 1884 Baden Higher School of Music, daga 1929 K.), Havana (1835), Toronto (1886), Buenos Aires (1893), Belgrade (a cikin 1899 Makarantar Kiɗa ta Serbia, tun 1937 Cibiyar Kiɗa), da sauran garuruwa.

A cikin karni na 20 K. an halicce su a Sofia (a cikin 1904 makarantar kiɗa mai zaman kanta, tun daga 1912 Makarantar Kiɗa ta Jiha, tun 1921 Kwalejin Musical tare da sassan sakandare da manyan sassan, a cikin 1947 an raba Makarantar Kiɗa ta Higher daga gare ta, tun 1954. ), La Paz (1908), Sao Paulo (1909, K. Drama and Music), Melbourne (a cikin 1900s, dangane da makarantar kiɗa, daga baya K. mai suna bayan N. Melba), Sydney (1914), Tehran (1918). , don nazarin kiɗan Turai; a wuri guda a cikin 1949, K., wanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tushen Makarantar Kiɗa ta Higher, wanda aka buɗe a farkon 30s), Bratislava (a cikin 1919, Makarantar Musical, tare da 1926 Academy of Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, daga 1941 K.; a wuri guda, a cikin 1949, Babban Makarantar Kiɗa ta Kiɗa), Alkahira (a cikin 1925 Makarantar Kiɗa ta Gabas, bisa ga Ƙungiyar Kiɗa, wacce ta tashi a cikin 1814, tun 1929). t na kiɗan Larabci, a wuri ɗaya a 1935 Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Mata, a wuri ɗaya a 1944 Babban Makarantar kiɗa, a wuri ɗaya a 1959. da Alkahira National C., a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1969 Academy of Arts, wanda ya hada 5 cibiyoyin, ciki har da K. da Cibiyar Larabci Music), Baghdad (1940, Academy of Fine Arts, kunsha da dama sassa, ciki har da music). ; a cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1968, Makarantar Kiɗa don yara masu kyauta) , Beirut (K. a Ak Academy of Fine Arts), Jerusalem (1947, Academy of Music. Rubin), Pyongyang (1949), Tel Aviv (Heb. K. – “Sulamith-K.”), Tokyo (1949, National University of Fine Arts and Music), Hanoi (a cikin 1955 more, tun 1962 K.), Surakarta (1960), Accra (Academy of Music tare da 2-shekara kwas. na karatu), Nairobi (1944, Gabashin Afirka K.), Algiers (National Institute of Music, wanda kuma yana da sashen ilmantarwa), Rabat (National Committee of Music, Dance da Dramatic Arts), da dai sauransu.

A cikin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja, tare da muses masu zaman kansu mallakar gwamnati. ku uch. kamfanoni, misali. a Paris - "Ecole al'ada" (1918). A wasu ƙasashe, K. shine matsakaicin asusun. wata ma'aikata mafi girma (misali, a cikin Czechoslovakia, tare da makarantu a Prague, Brno da Higher School of Musical Arts a Bratislava, yana aiki a kusa da 10 K., ainihin makarantar kiɗa).

Zaman karatu, tsari da asusu. tsare-tsare na K., manyan makarantun kiɗa, makarantu, cibiyoyi, kwalejoji da lyceums ba iri ɗaya bane. Mn. daga cikinsu akwai kananan sassan, inda ake shigar da daliban shekarun yara. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, malaman wasan kwaikwayo, da mawaƙa ne kaɗai ake horar da su kan kiɗan gargajiya. Masana ilimin kida (masana tarihi da masu nazari) an horar da su a fannin kiɗa. f-max jami'o'i. Tare da duk bambanci a cikin saitin asusun. tsari a duk muses. ku uch. cibiyoyi suna ba da azuzuwan a cikin ƙwarewa, kiɗa-ka'idar. batutuwa da tarihin kiɗa.

A Rasha, musamman music uch. cibiyoyi sun bayyana a cikin karni na 18. (duba Ilimin Kiɗa). An kirkiro K. na farko a cikin 60s. Karni na 19, a cikin mahallin tashin kasa. Al'adun Rasha da ci gaban dimokuradiyya. motsi. RMO ya bude Cibiyar Conservatory na St. Makarantar Music da Drama na Moscow Philharmonic Society (wanda aka buɗe a 1862) kuma yana jin daɗin haƙƙin K. (tun 1866). A cikin con. 1886- roqo. An kirkiro kayan tarihi na karni na 1883 a garuruwa daban-daban na Rasha. uch-scha, wasu daga cikinsu an canza su zuwa K., incl. Saratov (19), Kyiv da Odessa (20). muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada waka. Ƙungiyoyin jama'a na jama'a sun taka rawar gani. An bude na farko daga cikinsu a Moscow (1912); K. in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Saratov.

Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a fagen waka. tarbiyyar mutane da gaske. kiɗan taro. ilimi da wayewa sun zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai bayan Babban ɗan gurguzu na Oktoba. juyin juya hali. Ta hanyar dokar Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta RSFSR ta ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1918, Petrograd da Moskovskaya K. (da kuma wasu daga baya) an canza su zuwa ikon Hukumar Ilimi ta Jama'a kuma an daidaita su zuwa duk manyan cibiyoyin ilimi. cibiyoyi. A cikin shekaru na Soviet ikon cibiyar sadarwa K. da kuma a-abokin ciniki arts tare da muses. f-tami ya fad'a.

Har sai Babban Oct. gurguzu. juyin juya halin da aka yi a Rasha ya hada da kananan hukumomi da manyan sassa. A cikin USSR, K. shine ilimi mafi girma. Cibiyar da aka yarda da mutanen da ke da janar na sakandare da muses. ilimi. K. kuma a cikin ku kuna horar da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa, da masana kida. An tsara tsarin karatun a K. da in-ta don shekaru 5 kuma yana ba da cikakkiyar ka'idar. da kuma shiri na aikace-aikacen mawaki don prof. ayyuka. Babban wuri a cikin tsare-tsaren da aka ba don yin aiki da ilmantarwa. al'adar dalibai. Baya ga fannonin kiɗa na musamman, ɗalibai suna nazarin zamantakewa da siyasa. kimiyya, tarihi zai nuna. karar, harsunan waje. Maɗaukakin kiɗa. ku uch. cibiyoyi suna da f-ku: ka'idar da tsarawa (tare da sassan tarihi-ka'idar da tsarawa), piano, orchestral, vocal, conductor-choral, nar. kayan aiki; a yawan K. Har ila yau - sashen opera da wasan kwaikwayo. madugu. Karkashin yawancin K. maraice da sassan wasiku an tsara su.

A cikin mafi girma mafi girma uch. karatun digiri na biyu (masu bincike na horarwa a fagen ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa) da mataimaka (ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa, mawaƙa, da malamai) an ƙirƙira su a cikin cibiyoyi. Mn. K. kuma a cikin ku kuna da na musamman. music shekaru goma makarantu cewa horar cadres ga mafi girma muses. ku uch. cibiyoyi (alal misali, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya a Moscow K., Makarantar Kiɗa ta Musamman ta Moscow Gnessin, Makarantar Shekaru Goma a Leningrad K., da sauransu).

Manyan muses suna aiki a cikin USSR. ku uch. Cibiyoyin: a Alma-Ata (a cikin 1944 K., tun 1963 Kazakh. Cibiyar, tun 1973 K. mai suna bayan Kurmangazy), Astrakhan (a cikin 1969, Astrakhan K., ya tashi a kan tushen makarantar kiɗa), Baku (a cikin 1901 azuzuwan kiɗa na RMO, daga 1916 makarantar kiɗa na RMO, daga 1920 Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Jama'a. Kazakhstan, daga 1921 Al'adun Azerbaijan, daga 1948 Al'adun Azerbaijan mai suna bayan U. Gadzhibekov), Vilnius (a cikin 1945 da Vilniusskaya Culture, a 1949 hade da Kaunas K., wanda aka halitta a 1933, ake kira K. Lithuania SSR), Gorky (1946, Gorkovskaya K. mai suna bayan M. I. Glinka), Donetsk (1968, Donetsk music-pedagogical institute, halitta a kan tushen da Donetsk reshe na Slavic Pedagogical Institute), Yerevan (a 1921 a music studio, daga 1923 K., daga 1946 Yerevan K. mai suna bayan Komitas), Kazan (1945, Kazanskaya K.), Kiev (a cikin 1868 da Music School, tun 1883 da Music School na RMO, tun 1913 K., tun 1923 da Music College; a cikin wannan wuri a 1904 da Music. Makarantar Drama, tun 1918 Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Waƙoƙi mai suna bayan N. V. Lysenko; Chisinau (1934, K., bai yi aiki a 1940-1940 ba, tun 1941 Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chisinau mai suna G. Muzichesku), Leningrad (45, a kan tushen da music azuzuwan na RMO, wanda ya tashi a 1963), tun 1862 da Leningrad K. su. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Lvov (a cikin 1859, Makarantar Kiɗa a Union of Singing and Music Society, daga 1944 da N. V. Lysenko Music Institute, daga 1903 Cibiyar Kiɗa mafi girma -t mai suna bayan N. V. Lysenko, tun 1904 Lvov Musical College mai suna bayan N. V. Lysenko), Minsk (a cikin 1907 da Minsk Musical College, tun 1939 da Minsk, yanzu Belarusian Musical College mai suna bayan A. V. Lunacharsky), Moscow (1924, a kan tushen da music azuzuwan na RMO, wanda ya tashi a 1932, tun 1866 da Moscow K. mai suna bayan P. I. Tchaikovsky; A cikin wannan wuri a cikin 1860 Gnessin Sisters Music School, tun 1940 na biyu Moscow Jihar School, tun 1895 da Jihar Musical Technical School, tun 1919 Gnessin Musical College, a kan tushen da Gnesin Musical Pedagogical Institute aka kafa a 1920). , Novosibirsk (1925, Novosibirsk M. I. Glinka K.), Odessa (a cikin 1944 Makarantar Kiɗa, daga baya Makarantar Kiɗa ta RMO, daga 1956 K., daga 1871 Cibiyar Kiɗa, a cikin 1913-1923 mai suna bayan L. Beethoven, daga 1927 K., daga 1934 Odessa K. mai suna bayan A. V. Nezhdavo d), Riga (1939, yanzu K. su. Tuni. Vitola na Latvian SSR), Rostov-on-Don (Kiɗa da Pedagogical Institute), Saratov (a cikin 1950, da Musical School na RMO, daga 1919 K., a 1895-1912 da Musical College, daga 1924 Saratov K. mai suna bayan L. V. Sobinov), Sverdlovsk (35, tun 1935 mai suna bayan M. P. Mussorgsky, tun 1934 Uralsky K. mai suna bayan M. P. Mussorgsky), Tallinn (a cikin 1939, bisa tushen Tallinn Higher Musical Institute). makaranta, tun 1946 Tallinskaya K.), Tashkent (a cikin 1919 Higher Musical School, tun 1923 Tashkentskaya K.), Tbilisi (a cikin 1934 Musical makaranta, tun 1936 Musical makaranta, tun 1874 K., tun 1886 Tbilisi K. mai suna bayan V. Sarajishvili), Frunze (1917, Kirghiz Institute of Art), Kharkov (a cikin 1947 Music School, daga baya Music School na RMO, daga 1967 K., a 1871-1917 Music Academy, a 1920 Music Cibiyar, a 23-1924 Music Cibiyar. na Drama, a 1924-29 Music Theater Institute, a 1930 kuma tun 36 K., a 1936 a kan tushen K. da Kharkov Institute of Arts aka kafa ta Kharkov Institute of Arts).

Tun 1953, Intern. majalisa na gudanarwa na K. Tun 1956, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Turai, K. da manyan makarantun kiɗa.

AA Nikolaev