Gasar kiɗa |

daga lat. concursus, lit. - haduwa, taro

Gasa na mawaƙa (masu wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, instr. masters, ƙungiyoyi), da aka gudanar, a matsayin mai mulkin, akan sharuɗɗan da aka riga aka sanar. Fasaha. gasa, inda aka kwatanta ingancin samarwa da kimantawa. ko ƙwarewar aiki, an riga an san su a Dr. Girka. Kusan 590 BC an haifi al'adar wasannin Pythia a Delft, inda tare da mawaƙa da 'yan wasa, mawaƙa, masu wasan kwaikwayo a cithara da aulos, marubutan muses suka yi gasa. samfur. An ba wa waɗanda suka yi nasara kyautar laurel wreaths kuma suna da lakabin "daphnophores" (mai ɗaukar laurel). An ci gaba da al'adar gasa tsakanin mawaƙa har zuwa zamanin daular Rum; a lokaci guda, kalmar "laureate" ta tashi, wanda ya rayu har zuwa yau don ƙayyade mafi kyawun mahalarta. Ran laraba. ƙarni, gasa na troubadours, trouvers, minnesingers da meistersingers ya zama tartsatsi, sau da yawa zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na kotu. kuma daga baya duwatsu. bukukuwan da suka ja hankali sosai. Daga cikinsu ana kunna wuta. da bukukuwan kade-kade a Faransa, wadanda tarurrukan masu fasaha suka shirya a karni na 11-16. kuma ake kira "puy". Wadanda suka lashe wadannan gasa, da aka gudanar a larduna daban-daban na kasar, an ba su kyautuka da kuma lambar yabo ta "roy de puy". Daga cikin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo mafi girma da aka sani, wanda aka gudanar a Evreux, sun hada da O. di Lasso, J. Titluz, FE du Corroy. Puy ya kasance abin koyi don irin wannan gasa ta Meistersinger a Jamus. A farkon tsakiyar zamanai, an haifi bikin waƙar da ke wanzuwa a Wales, abin da ake kira bikin waƙa. "Eisteddfod", a cikin tsarin wanda akwai kuma gasar mawaka. A cikin Renaissance, gasa na fitattun mawaƙa a cikin fasahar haɓakawa sun shiga aiki. kayan kida - gabo, garaya, daga baya akan piano, violin. A ka’ida, masu mulki, masu hannu da shuni ko malamai ne suka shirya su, wadanda suka jawo fitattun mawaka su shiga. Don haka, JS Bach da L. Marchand, GF Handel da A. Scarlatti (rabin farko na karni na 1), WA Mozart da M. Clementi, IM Yarnovich da JB Viotti (karni na 18), G. Ernst, A. Bazzini, F. David da J. Joachim (18) da sauransu.

K. a sigar zamani ya samo asali ne a karni na 19. Tun daga 1803, Cibiyar Nazarin Fine Arts a Paris tana ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don mafi kyawun abun ciki (cantata, daga baya - opera guda ɗaya) - abin da ake kira. Roman Ave., Masu riƙe da su suna karɓar tallafin karatu don haɓakawa a Rome. Daga cikin wadanda suka lashe wannan kyautar akwai fitattun Faransawa. mawaƙa: F. Halevi, G. Berlioz, A. Thomas, J. Bizet, J. Massenet, C. Debussy da sauransu. Ana gudanar da irin wannan gasa a Belgium da Amurka. A cikin Burtaniya, abin da ake kira. Mendelssohn malanta (Mendelsson-scholarship), wanda aka ba wa matashin mawaki (K. wanda aka gudanar tun 1848 a London sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1). A cikin 4 a Vienna, fp. kamfanin Bösendorfer ya kafa K. don masu digiri na Conservatory Vienna; wannan K. yana sanye da internat. hali, domin dalibai daga kasashe da yawa karatu a nan. kasashe. Gasar kasa. sikelin ya share fagen bullowar kasashen duniya. K., na farko da aka gudanar a Brussels a 1889 a kan yunƙurin na Rasha. guitarist NP Makarov; mawaƙa daga ƙasashe 1856 sun aika da ayyuka don gasar. za gitar. A cikin 31, a kan yunƙurin AG Rubinshtein, an kafa taron kasa da kasa na farko na yau da kullun, kuma a cikin 1886 an gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na farko a St. Petersburg. K., wanda ya zama misali ga ƙungiyar muses na gaba. gasa. In K. im. Rubinstein (sannan ana gudanar da shi sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1890 har zuwa 1 - a Berlin, Vienna, Paris, St. Petersburg) mawaƙa da pianists sun shiga. K. ya gabatar da wasu manyan mawaƙa waɗanda daga baya suka sami farin jini sosai (F. Busoni, V. Backhaus, IA Levin, AF Gedike, da sauransu).

Yana nufin K. ya ci gaba bayan yakin duniya na daya (1-1914). Yawan gasa na kasa. A cikin 18, Intern. K. pianists su. Chopin, wanda daga baya ya zama na yau da kullum. Ana gudanar da kide-kide na masu wasan kwaikwayo a Vienna (K. Vienna Academy of Music, tun 1927), Budapest (mai suna F. Liszt, tun 1932), Brussels (mai suna bayan E. Isai, violinists a 1933, pianists a 1937), Geneva ( tun 1938), Paris (tun 1939) da sauran garuruwa. A cikin K. na kasa da kasa daga farkon aiki mujiya. mawaƙa; da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami mafi girman kyaututtuka, suna nuna nasarorin mujiya. yin makaranta da tarbiyya. A cikin shekarun 1943 na Yaƙin Duniya na 2-1939, ba a gudanar da gasa ba ko kuma an iyakance ga nat. tsarin (Geneva). A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, al'adar kiɗa. K. in pl. kasashe sun fara farfadowa da sauri; a yawancin ƙasashen Turai (Faransa, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Belgium) nan da nan bayan yaƙin, an kafa manyan tarurruka, waɗanda suka zama na yau da kullun. K. samun babban fage musamman daga tsakiya. 45s; gasa ta ƙunshi manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo: ana gudanar da gasa don masu kida, gami da. K. kayan kida na “taguwa” (tagulla da iskar itace, viola, garaya), gasa ga masu kida, ’yan wasan kwaikwayo, organists, conductors, chamber ensembles decomp. ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa. da tagulla makada, instr. masters, mawaƙa. Kullum yana faɗaɗa ƙasa. Farashin K.C. masu shirya K. na kasa da kasa a Turai - Belgium, Italiya da Faransa, inda aka gudanar da yawa. gasar. Bayan Gasar Belgium Sarauniya Elisabeth (50), inda 'yan pianists, violinists da mawaƙa suka fafata, ana shirya gasa ta murya a Brussels, kirtani. Quartets in Liege, K. Organists. JS Bach a cikin Ghent, mawaƙa a cikin Knokke. A Italiya, martabar K. yana samun: 'yan wasan violin - a gare su. N. Paganini a Genoa, pianists - su. F. Busoni a Bolzano, masu jagoranci - a Roma (wanda aka kafa ta National Academy "Santa Cecilia"), pianists da composers - su. A. Casella a Naples, masu yin kida, mawaƙa da raye-rayen ballet - su. GB Viotti a cikin Vercelli, chor. ƙungiyoyi - "Polyfoniko" a Arezzo, da sauransu. Daga cikin Faransanci. K. tsaya waje - gare su. M. Long - J. Thibaut a birnin Paris, matasa masu jagoranci a Besançon da mawaƙa a Toulouse. Babban amincewa yana karɓar K., yana wucewa a cikin gurguzu. kasashe - Poland (mai suna bayan F. Chopin kuma mai suna bayan G. Wieniawski), Hungary, Romania (mai suna J. Enescu), GDR (mai suna JS Bach kuma mai suna R. Schumann), Bulgaria. A cikin con. 1951 - ba. 50s akwai lamba Zuwa. a Brazil, da Amurka, Kanada, Uruguay, da kuma a Japan. Wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin ci gaban K. shine tushe a Moscow na Intern. K. im. PI Tchaikovsky (tun 60), wanda nan da nan ya zama daya daga cikin mafi iko da kuma rare gasa.

Siffofin tsarawa da gudanar da k., dokokinsu, lokaci-lokaci, da abun ciki na fasaha sun bambanta sosai. Ana gudanar da kiyayewa a manyan biranen jihohi, manyan cibiyoyin al'adu, da garuruwan shakatawa; sau da yawa ana zabar garuruwan da ke da alaƙa da rayuwa da aikin mawaƙa a matsayin wurin da za su yi, don girmama ƙasashen K.. A matsayinka na mai mulki, gasa, ba tare da la'akari da mitar su ba, suna faruwa a kan daidaitattun kwanakin da aka ƙayyade. Masu shirya K. muses iri-iri ne. cibiyoyi, hukumomin tsaunuka da kuma gwamnatoci. jiki, a cikin lokuta nek-ry - mutane, kamfanoni na kasuwanci. A cikin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, ƙungiyar K. tana kula da na musamman. cibiyoyin gwamnati; Jiha ne ke ba da tallafin mallakar K..

Shekaru da yawa na aikin sun haɓaka wasu ƙa'idodi don gudanar da K., to-rykh manne wa masu shirya decomp. gasa. K. sa dimokuradiyya. bude hali - mawaƙa na dukan ƙasashe, ƙasashe, ba tare da bambancin jinsi ba an yarda su shiga cikin su; An kafa ƙuntatawa kawai dangane da shekaru (tare da wani keɓantacce, misali, mawaki K.); don fannoni daban-daban (daidai da ƙayyadaddun su), iyakokin shekarun sun bambanta. A kan wasu musamman wuya Don. ana gudanar da shi na farko. zaɓe bisa takardu da shawarwarin da ƴan takara suka aiko domin a hana waɗanda ba su shirya ba shiga gasar. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon mahalarta bisa ga ƙa'idodin da aka riga aka sanar; yi. Gasa ta ƙunshi takamaiman adadin zagaye na saurare: daga 2 zuwa 4. Ƙiyyadadden adadin mahalarta yana raguwa kuma ana ba da izinin zuwa kowane zagaye na gaba. Masu fafatawa suna yin ko dai cikin tsari na kuri'a, ko kuma da haruffa da sunan ƙarshe. alkalai suna tantance ayyukan mahalarta; yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, da malamai. A mafi yawan lokuta, juri ya sa na kasa da kasa. hali, kuma ƙasar mai masaukin baki galibi ana wakilta ta da yawa. juri members. Hanyoyin aikin juri da ka'idoji don kimanta masu takara sun bambanta: a cikin dep. K. ana aiwatar da shi a baya. tattaunawa, jefa kuri'a na iya zama a bayyane ko a asirce, ana kimanta wasan mahalarta ta daban-daban. yawan maki. Wadanda suka fi samun nasara ana ba su kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo, da kuma shaidar difloma da lambobin yabo. Adadin lambobin yabo a garuruwa daban-daban ya kai daga daya zuwa 12. Baya ga kyaututtukan hukuma, ana bayar da abubuwan kara kuzari. kyaututtuka ga mafi kyawun rubutun mutum da sauran kyaututtuka. Laureates K., a matsayin mai mulkin, suna karɓar haƙƙin haƙƙin takamaiman adadin ƙididdiga. jawabai.

Fasaha. Abubuwan K. suna ƙaddara da farko ta yanayi da abun ciki na shirye-shiryen su. Dangane da wannan, kewayon K. yana da faɗi sosai: daga gasa inda ake yin kiɗan mawaƙi ɗaya (K. mai suna Chopin a Warsaw), zuwa gasa tare da fa'ida da nau'ikan repertoire, suna bin burin mafi kyawun bayyanar da kerawa. . da yiwuwar masu fasaha. Akwai kuma K., suna gina shirye-shiryensu akan jigo. alamar: farkon kiɗa, zamani. kiɗa, da sauransu. Hakanan ya shafi fannonin gasa: gasa, sadaukarwa. wata sana'a, da gasa inda wakilan mutane da yawa ke gasa a lokaci guda ko kuma a madadin. ƙwarewa. Wakokin mawaƙa sun ɗan bambanta: tare da gasa waɗanda aikinsu shine gano mawaƙa masu hazaka, akwai ƴan wasan kide-kide waɗanda ke da amfani a yanayi kuma gidajen opera, gidajen buga littattafai, da masu tattarawa suka shirya su. ƙungiyoyi don manufar tsarawa, bugu ko haɓaka wani nau'in ƙira. A irin wannan K. da'irar mahalarta yawanci ya fi fadi. A cikin 60s. K. masu nishadantarwa da masu nishadantarwa suna samun karbuwa sosai. kiɗa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana gudanar da irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen ta hanyar gidajen rediyo da talabijin, kamfanonin rikodin, ch. arr. a wuraren shakatawa (K. "Intervision", "Eurovision", da dai sauransu). Yawanci kowace gasa ta ƙunshi zagaye ɗaya kuma ana gudanar da ita ba tare da kawar da mahalarta ba. Siffofin gudanar da estr. K., repertoire da ka'idoji sun bambanta kuma ba sa bambanta cikin tsari mai tsauri.

Kiɗa na zamani K. sun zama hanya mafi mahimmanci don ganowa da ƙarfafa ƙwararrun mawaƙa, wanda ke nufin. factor na al'adu rayuwa. Mafi yawan masu amfani da kayan aiki, da dai sauransu. mawaƙa da masu gudanarwa sun fito kan gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da wasan opera a shekarun 1950 da 70s. godiya ga KK cewa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kiɗan a tsakanin ɗimbin masu sauraro, haɓakawa da haɓaka conc. rayuwa. Mn. wanda aka gudanar a cikin tsarin muses. bukukuwa, zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na su (misali, "Prague Spring"). Musanya. K. kuma suna cikin shirye-shiryen Bikin Matasa da Dalibai na Duniya.

Yaɗa kiɗa. K. ya haifar da buƙatar daidaita ƙoƙarin masu shirya gasar, musayar kwarewa da kuma kafa ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum don gudanar da k. Don wannan karshen, a cikin 1957 Federation of International. gasa (Fédération de Concours internationaux) da ke Geneva. Tarayyar tana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a birane daban-daban, tana buga abubuwan tunani. Tun 1959, an buga bulletin shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da bayanai game da ƙasashen duniya. kida K. da jerin sunayen lauren su. Adadin kasashe membobi na tarayyar na ci gaba da karuwa; a cikin 1971, Sov. Ƙungiyar

MANYAN GASAR MAWAKI NA DUNIYA

Austria. Vienna Academy of Music - pianists, organists, vocalists; a 1932-38 - kowace shekara; sabunta a 1959; tun 1961 - sau 1 a cikin shekaru 2. Su. WA Mozart a Salzburg - 'yan pianists, violinists, vocalists; a cikin 1956 (don girmama bikin 200th na haifuwar WA Mozart).

Belgium. Su. Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Belgium - violinists, pianists, composers; tun 1951 - kowace shekara, a madadin (bayan hutu na shekara, ana ci gaba da su). Mawaka a Brussels; tun 1962 - 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 4. igiyoyi. Quartets a cikin Liege - mawaƙa, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, tun 1954 - instr. masters; tun 1951 - kowace shekara, bi da bi.

Bulgaria. Matasan mawakan opera a Sofia; tun 1961 - sau 1 a cikin shekaru 2.

Brazil. Pianists (tun 1957) da violinists (tun 1965) a Rio de Janeiro; tun 1959 - sau 1 a cikin shekaru 3.

Biritaniya. Su. K. Flesch a London - 'yan wasan violin; tun 1945 - kowace shekara. Masu Pian a Leeds; tun 1963 - 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 3.

Hungary. Budapest K. a fannoni daban-daban, tun 1948; tun 1956 - akalla sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1.

GDR. Su. R. Schuman - pianists da vocalists; a 1956 da 1960 a Berlin; tun 1963 a Zwickau - sau 1 a cikin shekaru 3.

Zap. Berlin. Su. G. Karayana – madugu da wakokin matasa. ƙungiyar makaɗa; tun 1969 - kowace shekara.

Italiya. Su. F. Busoni a Bolzano - 'yan pian; tun 1949 - kowace shekara. Su. N. Paganini a Genoa - violinists; tun 1954 - kowace shekara. Masu gudanarwa na Orchestral a Roma; tun 1956 - sau 1 a cikin shekaru 3. Su. Guido d Arezzo - mawaƙa ("Polyfonico"), osn. a 1952 a matsayin kasa, tun 1953 - kasa da kasa; kowace shekara.

Kanada. 'Yan Violinists, Pianists, Vocalists a Montreal; tun 1966 - kowace shekara, bi da bi.

Netherlands. Mawaka a cikin 's-Hertogenbosch; tun 1954 - kowace shekara.

Poland. Su. F. Chopin a Warsaw - 'yan pianists 1927, 1932, 1937; sabunta a 1949 - sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1. Violin su. G. Venyavsky - violinists, composers, skr. masters; na farko - a cikin 5 a Warsaw; sabunta a 1935 a Poznan - sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1952.

Portugal. Su. Viana da Mota a Lisbon - 'yan pian; na farko - a 1957; tun 1964 - sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1.

Romania. Su. J. Enescu a Bucharest - violinists, pianists, vocalists (tun 1961), ɗakin taro; tun 1958 - 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 3.

USSR. Su. PI Tchaikovsky a Moscow - tun 1958 pianists, violinists, tun 1962 da cellists, tun 1966 da vocalists; 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 4. Faransa Su. M. Long - J. Thibaut a Paris - 'yan wasan pian da violin; na farko - a 1943 (na kasa), na biyu - a 1946; tun 1949 - 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 2. Mawaka a Toulouse; tun 1954 - kowace shekara.

Jamus. Munich K. bisa ga bambanci. ƙwarewa; tun 1952 - kowace shekara.

Czechoslovakia. Musanya. K. "Prague Spring" bisa ga Dec. ƙwarewa; tun 1947 - kowace shekara.

Switzerland. Yin mawaƙa a Geneva, a fannoni daban-daban; tun 1939 - kowace shekara.

Gasar da ba ta da wurin dindindin: Masu fafutuka masu suna. P. Casals; 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru 2 a kasashe daban-daban (na farko - 1957, Paris). Accordionists na "Kofin Duniya"; kowace shekara a kasashe daban-daban (na farko - 1948, Lausanne), da sauransu.

Daga cikin sauran K. na duniya: mawaƙa a Verviers (Belgium); ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Debrecen (Hungary); masu kida da mawaƙa (mai suna JS Bach) a Leipzig (GDR); masu kida da mawaka (mai suna M. Canals) a Barcelona (Spain); kiɗa da rawa (mai suna GB Viotti) a cikin Vercelli, ƴan pianists da mawaƙa (mai suna bayan A. Casella) a Naples, mawaƙa na "Verdi Voices" a Busseto (Italiya); inganta gabobin jiki a Haarlem (Netherland); ’yan pianists da madugu (mai suna D. Mitropoulos) a birnin New York (Amurka); matasa masu jagoranci a Besançon (Faransa); 'yan pianists (mai suna bayan K. Haskil) a Lucerne (Switzerland), da sauransu.

Gasa a RASHIYA DA USSR

An gudanar da kiɗan ƙasa na farko K. a Rasha tun daga 60s. Karni na 19 a kan shirin RMO, St. Petersburg. game da rus. ɗakin kiɗa (a cikin 1877), masana'antar piano "Schroeder" (a cikin 1890), da dai sauransu. A yunƙurin manyan abokan ciniki da mawaƙa, da yawa. K. an shirya shi a farkon. Karni na 20 A cikin 1910 an gudanar da kide-kide na 'yan wasan violin guda biyu - don girmama bikin cika shekaru 40 na kere-kere. ayyukan Farfesa Mosk. Conservatory IV Grzhimali a Moscow (1st Ave. - M. Latsa) da su. LS Auera a St. Petersburg (Janairu 1 - M. Piastro). A cikin 1911, gasar cello ta faru a Moscow (1st pr. - SM Kozolupov), yayin da 'yan pianists suka yi takara a St. - Y. Turchinsky). A cikin wannan shekarar, an gudanar da wani taro na musamman a St. K. im. SA Malozemova ga mata pianists (wanda ya ci nasara shine E. Stember). Bisa ga ka'idoji, ana gudanar da wannan K. kowace shekara 1. Kafa K. musamman ga mata masu yin wasan kwaikwayo yana da mahimmancin ci gaba.

A cikin USSR, kiɗan Jiha K. kuma ya haifar da duk yanayin aiwatar da su. Gasa na farko na mawaƙa sun kasance gasa don wasan kwaikwayo na quartet a cikin RSFSR (1927, Moscow) da gasa ga masu violin a Ukraine (1930, Kharkov). Tun daga nan, K. akan mafi kyawun kiɗan. samarwa, gasar prof. kuma ku yi-da-kanku. an gudanar da makada da mawaka a da yawa. garuruwa. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu ne aka gudanar da bikin mawaka na All-Union na farko a birnin Moscow. An gudanar da shi a cikin ƙwarewa - piano, violin, cello, singing. 1933nd - a Fabrairu - Maris 2 (Leningrad). Mawaƙa, ƴan bass biyu, masu garaya, masu yin wasan katako da na tagulla su ma sun fafata a nan. kayan aiki. Daga baya, an gudanar da zagayowar gasa ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Moscow a fannoni daban-daban - cancantar 'yan wasan violin, masu kida da pianists (1935-1937), masu gudanarwa (38), da kirtani. quartets (1938), vocalists (1938-1938, yawon shakatawa na ƙarshe a Moscow), pop artists (39), masu yin ruhu. kayan aiki (1939). Wadannan K. sun yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban muses. rayuwar kasar, domin kara girma na muses. ilimi.

Bayan Great Fatherland. A lokacin yakin 1941-45, matasa masu hazaka sun yi a duk-Union K. masu yin kida (1945, Moscow), masu fasaha iri-iri (1946, Moscow), da mawaƙa don mafi kyawun aikin owls. soyayya da song (1956, Moscow), vocalists da pop artists (1956, Moscow).

A cikin 60s. wani sabon mataki na ci gaban gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya ya fara; An shirya kide-kide na kungiyar 'yan wasan pian na yau da kullun, 'yan wasan violin, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da masu gudanarwa, da kuma kide-kide na mawaka masu suna bayan VIMI Glinka. Waɗannan gasa suna ba ku damar zabar ƴan wasa masu hazaƙa don shiga cikin Internationalasashen Duniya. K. im. PI Tchaikovsky. A jajibirin K. su. Hakanan ana shirya gasa ta PI Tchaikovsky. masters. An gudanar da kide-kiden kide-kide na kungiyar mawaka-masu yin wasan orc. kayan aiki (1963, Leningrad). Yanayi na duk-Union muses. Zuwa m daidai da na kasa da kasa. ma'auni.

Don girmama bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar VI Lenin (1970), gasa ta ƙungiyar gamayya na matasa masu wasan kwaikwayo don mafi kyawun conc. aka shirya. shirin. A cikin USSR, ana gudanar da kide-kide na masu fasaha iri-iri akai-akai. K. don ƙirƙirar kiɗa. samfur. a nau'o'i daban-daban sau da yawa ana shirya su a lokacin bukukuwan tunawa. Siriri tsarin kiɗa. K. ya hada da ba kawai duk-Union, amma kuma Jamhuriyar, birni da kuma shiyya gasa, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a gudanar da wani m da cikakken zabi na sabon wakilan muses. kararraki ga duk-Union da na duniya. gasa.

References: Gasar Piano na Tchaikovsky na kasa da kasa. (Littafin Magana na Farko, M., 1958); Gasar Kasa da Kasa ta Biyu don ƴan Pianists, violinists da masu fafatawa. PI Tchaikovsky. (Littafin Hannu), M., 1962; … mai suna Tchaikovsky. Sat. labarai da takardu game da Gasar Kasa da Kasa ta Biyu na Mawaka-Masu yi. PI Tchaikovsky. Ed.-stat. AV Medvedev. Moscow, 1966. Wasannin kiɗa na baya da na yanzu. Littafin Jagora, M., 1966; … mai suna Tchaikovsky. Sat. labarai da takardu game da Gasar Duniya ta Uku na Mawaƙa-Masu yi. PI Tchaikovsky. Tot. ed. A. Medvedeva, (M., 1970).

MM Yakovlev