Chamber music |

daga kyamarar marigayi - dakin; ital. musica da camera, Faransa musique de chamber music, germ. Kammermusik

takamaiman nau'in kiɗan. fasaha, daban-daban daga wasan kwaikwayo, symphonic da kide kide. Abubuwan da aka tsara na K. m., a matsayin mai mulkin, an yi nufin yin aiki a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna, don kiɗan gida (saboda haka sunan). Wannan ƙaddara da amfani a cikin K. m. ciki abubuwan da aka tsara (daga soloist ɗaya zuwa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa a cikin ɗakin ɗakin taro), da dabarun kiɗanta na yau da kullun. gabatarwa. Don K.m., ɗabi'a zuwa daidaiton muryoyi, tattalin arziki da mafi kyawun bayanin karin waƙa, cikin ƙasa, rhythmic sune halaye. da tsauri. zai bayyana. kudade, ƙwararrun ci gaban jigogi daban-daban. abu. K. m. yana da babbar dama don watsa waƙa. motsin rai da mafi dabara gradations na mutum tunanin jihohin. Kodayake asalin K. m. tun daga tsakiyar zamanai, kalmar “K. m." yarda a cikin 16-17 ƙarni. A wannan lokacin, waƙar gargajiya, sabanin kiɗan coci da na wasan kwaikwayo, na nufin kiɗan da ba na duniya ba ne da aka yi niyya don yin wasan kwaikwayo a gida ko a kotunan sarakuna. Ana kiran kiɗan kotun "ɗaki", da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin kotu. ensembles, sun ɗauki taken mawakan ɗakin gida.

An zayyana banbance tsakanin majami'a da kiɗan ɗaki a cikin wok. Irin nau'ikan ƙarni na 16 da aka fi sani da kiɗa na gargajiya na kiɗa shine moderna ta nicolo Vicentino (1555). A cikin 1635 a Venice, G. Arrigoni ya buga muryar Concerti da kamara. kamar yadda chamber yayi. nau'ikan a cikin 17 - farkon. Ƙarni na 18 ya haɓaka cantata (cantata da camera) da duet. A cikin karni na 17th sunan "K. m." aka kara zuwa instr. kiɗa. Church asali. da chamber instr. waƙar ba ta bambanta da salo ba; bambance-bambancen salo a tsakanin su ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin karni na 18. Alal misali, II Kvanz ya rubuta a shekara ta 1752 cewa kiɗan gargajiya yana buƙatar “ƙarin raye-raye da ’yancin tunani fiye da salon coci.” Mafi girma instr. fom ya zama cyclic. sonata (sonata da kamara), kafa bisa tushen rawa. suites. Ya zama mafi yaduwa a cikin karni na 17. trio sonata tare da iri - coci. da ɗakin sonatas, ɗan ƙaramin solo sonata (ba tare da rakiya ba ko tare da basso continuo). A. Corelli ya ƙirƙira samfuran gargajiya na uku sonatas da solo (tare da basso continuo) sonatas. A farkon karni na 17-18. concerto grosso nau'in ya tashi, da farko kuma ya rabu cikin coci. da chamber iri. A cikin Corelli, alal misali, an gudanar da wannan rarraba a fili - daga cikin 12 concerti grossi (op. 7) da ya halitta, 6 an rubuta su a cikin salon coci, kuma 6 a cikin salon ɗakin. Suna kama da abun ciki zuwa sonatas da chiesa da kyamara. K sar. Sashen coci na karni na 18. kuma nau'ikan ɗakin ɗakin suna raguwa sannu a hankali, amma bambanci tsakanin kiɗan gargajiya da kiɗan kide-kide (Orchestra da Choral) yana ƙara fitowa fili.

Duk R. 18th karni a cikin aikin J. Haydn, K. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart ya kafa classic. iri instr. gungu - sonata, trio, quartet, da dai sauransu, sun haɓaka na yau da kullun. ciki Ƙungiyoyin waɗannan ensembles, an kafa dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin yanayin gabatar da kowane bangare da kuma damar kayan aikin da aka yi niyya (a baya, kamar yadda kuka sani, mawaƙa sau da yawa sun yarda da aikin aikin su tare da nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban. Alal misali, GF Handel a cikin adadin "solo" da sonatas suna nuna nau'o'in kayan aiki da yawa). Mallakar mai arziki zai bayyana. dama, instr. gungu (musamman ma'auni na baka) ya jawo hankalin kusan dukkanin mawaƙa kuma ya zama wani nau'i na "reshen ɗakin" na wasan kwaikwayo. nau'in. Sabili da haka, gunkin ya nuna duk manyan abubuwan. kwatance na kiɗan art-va 18-20 ƙarni. - daga classicism (J. Haydn, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven) da romanticism (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, da dai sauransu) zuwa ultramodernist abstractionist igiyoyin zamani. bourgeois "avant-garde". A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 fitattun misalan instr. K. m. halitta I. Brahms, A. Dvorak, B. Smetana, E. Grieg, S. Frank, a cikin karni na 20. - C. Debussy, M. Ravel, M. Reger, P. Hindemith, L. Janacek, B. Bartok, B. Britten da sauransu.

Babbar gudunmawa ga K. m. Rasha ne ya yi. mawaƙa. A Rasha, yaduwar kiɗan ɗakin gida ya fara a cikin 70s. Karni na 18; farko instr. DS Bortnyansky ne ya rubuta jerin abubuwan. K. m. ya sami ci gaba daga AA Alyabyev, MI Glinka kuma ya kai ga mafi girma art. matakin a cikin aikin PI Tchaikovsky da AP Borodin; Ƙungiyoyin ɗakin su suna da alamar nat. abun ciki, ilimin halin dan Adam. AK Glazunov da SV Rakhmaninov sun ba da hankali sosai ga rukunin ɗakin, kuma ga SI Taneev ya zama babban. irin kerawa. Na musamman mai wadata da kayan aikin ɗaki daban-daban. al'adun mujiya. mawaƙa; Babban layinsa sune lyrical-dramatic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky), bala'i (DD Shostakovich), lyrical-epic (SS Prokofiev) da kuma nau'in jama'a.

A cikin tsarin salon ci gaban tarihi K. m. ya sha hanya. canje-canje, gabatowa yanzu tare da symphonic, sa'an nan tare da wasan kwaikwayo ("alamu" na baka quartets ta L. Beethoven, I. Brahms, PI Tchaikovsky, fasali na concerto a cikin L. Beethoven ta "Kreutzer" sonata, a cikin S. Frank ta violin sonata , a cikin rukunin E. Grieg). A cikin karni na 20 kuma an bayyana akasin yanayin - kusantar da K. m. symf. da conc. nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in iri) ana magana da la}}ar magana game da la}o}in wa}o}i. da batutuwa na falsafa waɗanda ke buƙatar zurfafawa a cikin ext. Duniyar mutum (14th Symphony by DD Shostakovich). Katunan kade-kade da kide-kide na kayan kida kadan da aka samu na zamani. kiɗan ya yaɗu, ya zama nau'ikan ɗaki iri-iri (duba ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Chamber Symphony).

Daga con. Karni na 18 kuma musamman a cikin karni na 19. sanannen wuri a cikin da'awar kiɗa-ve ya ɗauki wok. K. m. (a cikin nau'ikan waka da soyayya). Banda Mawakan soyayya ne suka biya mata hankali, musamman ma wa}o}in wa}o}in sun fi burge su. duniyar tunanin dan Adam. Sun ƙirƙiri nau'in wok mai gogewa, wanda aka haɓaka cikin cikakkun bayanai. kananan abubuwa; A cikin bene na 2. Karni na 19 mai yawa hankali wok. K. m. I. Brahms ne ya ba shi. A farkon karni na 19-20th. mawaƙa sun bayyana, a cikin aikin da ɗakin woks. nau'ikan nau'ikan sun mamaye babban matsayi (H. Wolf a Austria, A. Duparc a Faransa). An haɓaka nau'ikan waƙoƙi da soyayya a cikin Rasha (tun karni na 18); ware. fasaha. ya kai tsayi a chamber woks. Ayyukan MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, SV Rachmaninov. Yawan soyayya da chamber woks. hawan keke halitta mujiya. mawaƙa (AN Aleksandrov, Yu. V. Kochurov, Yu. A. Shaporin, VN Salmanov, GV Sviridov, da dai sauransu). A cikin karni na 20 an kafa ɗakin wok wanda yayi daidai da yanayin nau'in. Salon wasan kwaikwayo dangane da shela da bayyana mafi kyawun bayanan kiɗan na ƙasa da na ma'ana. Fitaccen Rashanci. Mawakiyar ɗakin ɗakin karni na 20 shine MA Olenina-D'Alheim. Zarub mafi girma na zamani. mawakan ɗakin ɗakin - D. Fischer-Dieskau, E. Schwarzkopf, L. Marshall, a cikin USSR - AL Dolivo-Sobotnitsky, NL Dorliak, ZA Dolukhanova da sauransu.

Na'urorin ɗaki da yawa daban-daban. kankanin karni na 19 da na 20 Daga cikin su akwai fp. "Wakoki marasa kalmomi" na F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, wasan kwaikwayo na R. Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes da etudes na F. Chopin, piano na ɗakin. ayyuka na ƙananan nau'i ta AN Scriabin, SV Rachmaninov, "Fleeting" da "Sarcasm" na SS Prokofiev, preludes ta DD Shostakovich, violin guda kamar "Legends" na G. Veniavsky, "Melodies" da" Scherzo ta PI Tchaikovsky, cello miniatures by K. Yu. Davydov, D. Popper, da dai sauransu.

A cikin karni na 18 K. m. an yi niyya ne kawai don yin kidan gida a cikin kunkuntar da'irar masana da masu son. A cikin karni na 19 kuma an fara gudanar da kide-kide na jama'a na jama'a (wasu kide-kide na farko sun kasance na dan wasan violin P. Baio a Paris a 1814); ku ser. Karni na 19 sun zama wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Turai. rayuwar kiɗa (ɗakin maraice na Conservatory na Paris, kide-kide na RMS a Rasha, da sauransu); akwai kungiyoyi na masu son K. m. (Petersb. game-in K. m., wanda aka kafa a 1872, da dai sauransu). Mujiya. philharmonics akai-akai suna shirya kide-kide na dakin a cikin abubuwan musamman. zauren (Ƙananan Hall na Moscow Conservatory, Ƙananan Hall mai suna MI Glinka a Leningrad, da dai sauransu). Tun daga shekarun 1960 K.m. Haka kuma ana yin kade-kade a manyan dakuna. Samfura K. m. ƙara shiga cikin conc. repertoire 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga kowane nau'in gungun instr. Kirtani quartet ya zama mafi shaharar salon wasan kwaikwayo.

References: Asafiev B., kiɗan Rasha daga farkon karni na XIX, M. - L., 1930, an sake buga shi. – L., 1968; Tarihi na Rasha Soviet Music, vol. I-IV, M., 1956-1963; Vasina-Grossman VA, soyayya na gargajiya na Rasha, M., 1956; nata, waƙar Romantic na ƙarni na 1967, M., 1970; ta, Masters na Soviet romance, M., 1961; Raaben L., Ƙungiyar Kayan aiki a cikin Kiɗa na Rasha, M., 1963; nasa, ɗakin Soviet da kiɗan kayan aiki, L., 1964; nasa, Masters na rukunin kayan aikin Soviet, L., XNUMX.

LH Raben