Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa |

Carlo Gesualdo daga Venosa

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX da farkon karni na XNUMX, wani sabon sha'awa ya kama madrigal na Italiya saboda gabatarwar chromatism. A matsayin mayar da martani ga tsohuwar fasahar choral bisa ga diatonic, babban fermentation yana farawa, wanda opera da oratori zasu tashi. Cipriano da Paparoma, Gesualdo di Venosa, Orazio Vecchi, Claudio Monteverdi suna ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan ingantaccen juyin halitta tare da sabbin ayyukansu. K. Nef

Ayyukan C. Gesualdo ya fito ne don rashin daidaituwa, yana cikin wani mawuyacin hali, tarihin tarihi mai mahimmanci - sauyawa daga Renaissance zuwa karni na XNUMX, wanda ya rinjayi makomar masu fasaha da yawa. Mutanen zamaninsa sun san shi a matsayin "shugaban kiɗa da mawaƙa," Gesualdo yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙira a fagen madrigal, babban nau'in kiɗan zamani na fasahar Renaissance. Ba kwatsam ba ne Carl Nef ya kira Gesualdo "mai son soyayya da furuci na karni na XNUMX."

Tsohuwar dangin aristocratic wanda mawakin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane kuma masu tasiri a Italiya. Dangantakar dangi ta danganta danginsa da manyan da'irar coci - mahaifiyarsa 'yar'uwar Paparoma ce, kuma ɗan'uwan mahaifinsa ɗan Cardinal ne. Ba a san takamaiman ranar haihuwar mawakin ba. Halayen kida na yaro ya bayyana kansa da wuri - ya koyi yin kade-kade da sauran kayan kida, rera waka da hada kida. Yanayin da ke kewaye ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga ci gaban iyawar yanayi: mahaifin ya ajiye ɗakin sujada a cikin katangarsa kusa da Naples, inda shahararrun mawaƙa da yawa suka yi aiki (ciki har da madrigalists Giovanni Primavera da Pomponio Nenna, wanda ake la'akari da jagorar Gesualdo a fagen abun ciki). . Sha'awar saurayin ga al'adun kiɗa na tsohuwar Helenawa, waɗanda suka san, ban da diatonicism, chromatism da anharmonism (masu mahimmanci na 3 na modal ko "iri" na tsohuwar kiɗan Girka), ya kai shi ga ci gaba da gwaji a fagen waƙar waƙa. - ma'anar jituwa. Tuni madrigals na farko na Gesualdo sun bambanta ta hanyar bayyanawa, motsin rai da kaifin harshe na kiɗa. Kusanci da manyan mawaƙan Italiyanci da masu ilimin adabi T. Tasso, G. Guarini ya buɗe sabon hangen nesa ga aikin mawaƙiyi. Ya shagaltu da matsalar alakar waka da waka; a cikin madrigals, yana neman cimma cikakkiyar haɗin kai na waɗannan ka'idoji guda biyu.

Rayuwar sirri ta Gesualdo tana haɓaka sosai. A 1586 ya auri dan uwansa Dona Maria d'Avalos. Wannan ƙungiyar, wanda Tasso ya rera, ya zama rashin jin daɗi. A cikin 1590, da ya koyi game da kafircin matarsa, Gesualdo ya kashe ta da masoyinta. Wannan bala’in ya bar tarihi a rayuwa da aikin fitaccen mawaki. Subjectivism, ƙara ɗaukaka ji, wasan kwaikwayo da tashin hankali bambanta madrigals na 1594-1611.

Tarin madrigals na muryarsa biyar da murya shida, waɗanda aka sake buga su akai-akai a lokacin rayuwar mawaƙin, sun kama juyin halittar Gesualdo - mai bayyanawa, mai ladabi da ladabi, alama da kulawa ta musamman ga cikakkun bayanai (ƙarar da kalmomin mutum ɗaya na rubutun waƙa tare da Taimakon babban tessitura da ba a saba gani ba na sashin murya, sauti mai kaifi mai jituwa a tsaye, jumlolin karin waƙa). A cikin waƙa, mawallafin ya zaɓi nassosi waɗanda suka yi daidai da tsarin alama na waƙarsa, waɗanda aka bayyana ta wurin baƙin ciki mai zurfi, yanke ƙauna, baƙin ciki, ko yanayin waƙoƙin lallausan, gari mai daɗi. Wani lokaci layi daya ne kawai ya zama tushen sha'awar waka don ƙirƙirar sabon madrigal, yawancin ayyuka da marubucin ya rubuta akan nasa rubutun.

A 1594, Gesualdo ya koma Ferrara kuma ya auri Leonora d'Este, wakilin ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai masu daraja a Italiya. Kamar dai yadda yake a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, a Naples, tawagar yarima Venous sun kasance mawaƙa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa, a cikin sabon gidan Gesualdo, masu son kiɗa da ƙwararrun mawaƙa sun taru a Ferrara, kuma mai daraja mai daraja ya haɗa su a cikin makarantar kimiyya "don ingantawa. dandanon kiɗa." A cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, mawaki ya juya zuwa nau'ikan kiɗa na alfarma. A cikin 1603 da 1611 an buga tarin littattafansa na ruhaniya.

Fasahar fitaccen maigidan marigayi Renaissance na asali ne kuma mai haske mutum ne. Tare da ikonta na motsin rai, ƙara bayyanawa, ya yi fice a cikin waɗanda Gesualdo ta zamani da magabata suka ƙirƙira. A lokaci guda kuma, aikin mawaƙi yana nuna a sarari fasali halaye na duka Italiyanci da, mafi fa'ida, al'adun Turai a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX. Rikicin al'adun ɗan adam na Babban Renaissance, rashin jin daɗi a cikin manufofinsa ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaddamar da kerawa na masu fasaha. Salon da ya fito a cikin fasahar zamani na juyi ana kiransa "halayen hali". Abubuwan adonsa ba su bi yanayi ba, ra'ayi na haƙiƙa na gaskiya, amma ainihin "ra'ayin ciki" na hoton fasaha, wanda aka haifa a cikin ran mai zane. Yin la'akari da yanayin yanayin duniya da rashin tabbas na ƙaddarar ɗan adam, akan dogara ga mutum a kan sojojin da ba su da ma'ana, masu zane-zane sun kirkiro ayyukan da ke cike da bala'i da ɗaukaka tare da rashin daidaituwa, rashin jituwa na hotuna. Har ila yau, waɗannan fasalulluka kuma halayen fasahar Gesualdo ne.

N. Yavorskaya