Bohuslav Martin |

Bohuslav Martin

Art ko da yaushe wani hali ne wanda ya haɗu da manufofin dukan mutane a cikin mutum ɗaya. B. Martin

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sunan mawallafin Czech B. Martinu an ƙara ambaton shi a cikin manyan mashawarta na karni na XNUMX. Martinou mawaƙin waƙa ne tare da dabara da fahimtar waƙa game da duniya, ƙwararren mawaƙi ne mai baiwar hasashe. Waƙarsa tana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano na hotuna na jama'a, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tausayi da aka haifa na abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin yaƙi, da kuma zurfin bayanin lyric-philosophic, wanda ya ƙunshi tunaninsa akan "matsalolin abota, ƙauna da mutuwa. ”

Bayan da ya tsira daga mawuyacin halin rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da zama na shekaru da yawa a wasu ƙasashe (Faransa, Amurka, Italiya, Switzerland), mawakin har abada yana riƙe da zurfin tunani a cikin ransa mai zurfi da girmamawa ga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, sadaukar da kai ga wannan kusurwar duniya. inda ya fara ganin hasken. An haife shi a cikin dangin mai kararrawa, mai yin takalmi kuma mai son wasan kwaikwayo Ferdinand Martin. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta kiyaye abubuwan da aka yi a lokacin ƙuruciyar da aka kashe a kan babban hasumiya na Cocin St. Yakubu, ƙararrawa, sautin sashin jiki da sararin samaniya wanda aka yi la'akari daga tsayin hasumiya na kararrawa. “… Wannan shimfidar wuri ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin ƙuruciya, musamman mai ƙarfi sosai kuma, a fili, yana taka rawa sosai a cikin dukkan halayena don haɗawa… , Kullum ina nema a cikin aikina.

Waƙoƙin jama'a, almara, da aka ji a cikin dangi, sun nutsar da hankali a cikin tunanin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana cika duniyarsa ta ciki tare da ra'ayoyi na gaske da waɗanda ke cikin tunanin, waɗanda aka haife su daga tunanin yara. Sun haskaka mafi kyawun shafuka na kiɗansa, cike da tunani na waƙa da ma'anar girman sararin sauti, kararrawa launin sauti, zafi mai zafi na waƙar Czech-Moravian. A cikin sirrin abubuwan ban sha'awa na mawaƙa, wanda ya kira Symphony na ƙarshe na shida "Symphonic fantasies", tare da palette masu launuka masu yawa, masu kyan gani, ƙarya, a cewar G. Rozhdestvensky, "wannan sihiri na musamman wanda ke jan hankalin mai sauraron daga na farko da sautin waƙarsa.”

Amma mawaki ya zo ga irin wannan kololuwar wakoki da wahayi na falsafa a lokacin balagagge na kerawa. Har yanzu za a yi shekaru na karatu a Prague Conservatory, inda ya yi karatu a matsayin violinist, organist da mawaki (1906-13), m karatu tare da I. Suk, zai sami farin ciki damar yin aiki a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa na sanannen V. Talikh kuma a cikin makada na National Theater. Ba da daɗewa ba zai tafi Paris na dogon lokaci (1923-41), bayan da ya sami guraben karatu na jihohi don inganta ƙwarewar rubutunsa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin A. Roussel (wanda a ranar haihuwarsa 60th zai ce: "Martin zai zama daukakata!" ). Ya zuwa wannan lokacin, an riga an ƙaddara sha'awar Martin dangane da jigogi na ƙasa, don canza launin sauti mai ma'ana. Shi ne ya riga ya rubuta wasiƙar waƙa, ballet "Wane ne mafi ƙarfi a duniya?" (1923), cantata "Czech Rhapsody" (1918), vocal da piano miniatures. Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na fasaha na Paris, sababbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin fasaha na 20-30s, wanda ya wadatar da yanayin karɓa na mawallafin, wanda aka ɗauka musamman ta hanyar sababbin abubuwa na I. Stravinsky da Faransanci "Shida". ”, ya yi tasiri sosai kan tarihin kirkirar Martin. Anan ya rubuta cantata Bouquet (1937) akan rubutun mutanen Czech, wasan opera Juliette (1937) dangane da makircin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa J. Neve, opuses neoclassical - Concerto grosso (1938), Ricercaras guda uku don makada (1938) , wani ballet tare da waƙar "Stripers" (1932), dangane da raye-rayen jama'a, al'adu, almara, Quartet na biyar (1938) da Concerto don mawaƙan kirtani biyu, piano da timpani (1938) tare da yanayin tashin hankali kafin yaƙin. . A cikin 1941, Martino, tare da matarsa ​​Faransa, an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa Amurka. Mawaƙin, wanda S. Koussevitzky, S. Munsch ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka tsara a cikin shirye-shiryen su, sun sami karbuwa tare da girmamawa wanda ya cancanci shahararren maestro; kuma ko da yake ba shi da sauƙi a shiga cikin sabon salon rayuwa da salon rayuwa, Martin yana tafiya ta ɗaya daga cikin matakai masu mahimmanci a nan: yana koyar da abun da ke ciki, ya sake mayar da iliminsa a fagen wallafe-wallafe, falsafar, kayan ado, kimiyyar halitta. , Psychology, ya rubuta kasidu na kiɗa da na ado, ya tsara abubuwa da yawa. Mawaƙin na kishin ƙasa an bayyana shi da ƙarfin fasaha na musamman ta wurin requiem ɗinsa mai suna "Monument to Lidice" (1943) - wannan martani ne ga bala'i na ƙauyen Czech, wanda Nazis ya share daga doron ƙasa.

A cikin shekaru 6 na ƙarshe bayan komawa Turai (1953), Martinu ya kirkiro ayyukan zurfin ban mamaki, gaskiya da hikima. Sun ƙunshi tsarki da haske (zagayowar cantatas a kan jigon jama'a-ƙasa), wasu gyare-gyare na musamman da shayari na tunanin kiɗa (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙungiyar "Misali", "Frescoes na Piero della Francesca"), ƙarfi da zurfin ra'ayoyi (da opera "Sha'awar Girka", oratorios "Mountain of Lights Uku" da "Gilgamesh"), huda, wakoki mara kyau (Concerto for oboe and orchestra, Fourth and Fifth Piano Concertos).

Ayyukan Martin yana da nau'i mai faɗi, nau'i da salo mai salo, yana haɗawa da 'yancin yin tunani da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa, yana ƙware mafi kyawun sabbin abubuwa na lokacinsa da kuma sake tunani game da hadisai, pathos na jama'a da sautin waƙoƙin daɗaɗɗa. Mawaƙin ɗan adam, Martinu ya ga manufarsa wajen hidimar manufofin ɗan adam.

N. Gavrilova