Atonal music |
AtonAL MUSIC (daga Girkanci a - barbashi mara kyau da tonos - sautin) - kiɗa. ayyuka da aka rubuta a waje da dabaru na modal da jituwa. haɗin gwiwar da ke tsara harshen kiɗan tonal (duba Yanayin, Tonality). Babban ka'idar A. m. shine cikakken daidaito na duk sautunan, babu wata cibiyar modal ta haɗa su da nauyi tsakanin sautunan. A. m. baya gane bambanci na consonance da dissonance da kuma bukatar warware dissonances. Yana nuna ƙin yarda da jituwa na aiki, keɓe yuwuwar daidaitawa.
Dep. An riga an samo sassan atonal a cikin marigayi Romantic. da kiɗan ra'ayi. Duk da haka, kawai a farkon karni na 20 a cikin aikin A. Schoenberg da dalibansa, ƙin yarda da tushe na tonal na kiɗa yana samun mahimmanci kuma yana haifar da ra'ayi na atonalism ko "atonalism". Wasu daga cikin fitattun wakilai na A.m., ciki har da A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, sun yi adawa da kalmar "atonalism", suna gaskanta cewa ba daidai ba ne ya bayyana ainihin wannan hanyar haɗin gwiwar. JM Hauer ne kawai, wanda ya ɓullo da dabarar rubutaccen sautin atonal 12, ba tare da Schoenberg ba, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ka'idarsa. yana aiki tare da kalmar "A. m.
Fitowar A. m. Jihar Turai ta shirya wani bangare. kiɗa a farkon karni na 20. Ci gaba mai zurfi na chromatics, bayyanar nau'i na nau'i na hudu, da dai sauransu, ya haifar da rashin ƙarfi na modal-aikin karkatarwa. Yunkurin shiga fagen “rashin nauyi” yana kuma da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin wasu mawaƙa don kusantar faɗin ƴancin ra'ayi na zahiri, ji na ciki mara tabbas. abubuwan sha'awa.
Marubutan A. m. ya fuskanci aiki mai wuyar gaske na nemo ka'idoji masu iya maye gurbin tsarin tsarin da ke tsara kiɗan tonal. Lokacin farko na ci gaban "atonalism kyauta" yana da alaƙa da yawan kira na mawaƙa zuwa wok. nau'o'i, inda rubutun da kansa ke aiki a matsayin babban abin siffa. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara na farko na tsare-tsare na atonal akwai wakoki 15 zuwa ayoyi daga Littafin Lambuna na S. Gheorghe (1907-09) da Uku fp. yayi op. 11 (1909) A. Schoenberg. Daga nan sai ya zo nasa monodrama mai suna “Jira”, wasan opera “Happy Hand”, “Peces biyar don Orchestra” op. 16, da melodrama Lunar Pierrot, kazalika da ayyukan A. Berg da A. Webern, a cikin abin da ka'idar atonalism aka kara ɓullo da. Haɓaka ka'idar kiɗan kiɗa, Schoenberg ya gabatar da buƙatu na keɓance waƙoƙin baƙar fata da kafa ɓarna a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren kiɗan. harshe ("emancipation of dissonance"). A lokaci guda tare da wakilan sabuwar makarantar Viennese kuma ba tare da su ba, wasu mawaƙa na Turai da Amurka (B. Bartok, CE Ives, da sauransu) sun yi amfani da hanyoyin rubutun atonal zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wani.
Aesthetic ka'idodin A. m., musamman a matakin farko, an haɗa su tare da da'awar magana, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar kaifinsa. yana nufin da kyale rashin hankali. rushewar fasaha. tunani. A. m., yin watsi da aikin jituwa. haɗin kai da ka'idodin warware dissonance cikin yarda, sun cika buƙatun fasahar fasaha.
Ci gaban ci gaban A. m. yana da alaƙa da yunƙurin masu bin sa na kawo ƙarshen son zuciya a cikin kerawa, halayyar “atonalism kyauta”. A farkon. 20th karni tare da Schoenberg, da composers JM Hauer (Vienna), N. Obukhov (Paris), E. Golyshev (Berlin), da sauransu sun ɓullo da tsarin da abun da ke ciki, wanda, bisa ga mawallafansu, za a gabatar a cikin wani. wasu ingantattun ka'idoji kuma sun kawo ƙarshen rashin jin daɗi na atonalism. Duk da haka, daga cikin waɗannan yunƙurin, kawai "hanyar abun da ke ciki tare da sautunan 12 sun haɗa da juna kawai", wanda Schoenberg ya buga a 1922, a ƙarƙashin sunan dodecaphony, ya zama tartsatsi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. kasashe. Ka'idodin A. m. ƙarƙashin maganganu iri-iri. nufin abin da ake kira. music avant-garde. Hakazalika, waɗannan ƙa'idodin da yawa daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20 waɗanda suke maƙarƙan kiɗan tonal sun ƙi su. tunani (A. Honegger, P. Hindemith, SS Prokofiev da sauransu). Ganewa ko rashin sanin halaccin kaffara yana daya daga cikin asasi. sabani a cikin kirkirar kidan zamani.
References: Druskin M., Hanyoyin haɓaka kiɗan waje na zamani, a cikin tarin: Tambayoyi na kiɗan zamani, L., 1963, p. 174-78; Shneerson G., Game da kiɗa mai rai da matattu, M., 1960, M., 1964, ch. "Schoenberg da makarantarsa"; Mazel L., Akan hanyoyin haɓaka harshen kiɗan zamani, III. Dodecaphony, "SM", 1965, No 8; Berg A., Menene atonalitye Maganar rediyo da A. Berg ya bayar akan Vienna Rundfunk, 23 Afrilu 1930, a Slonimsky N., Kiɗa tun 1900, NY, 1938 (duba shafi); Schoenberg, A., Salo da ra'ayi, NY, 1950; Reti R., Tonality, atonality, pantonality, L., 1958, 1960 (Fassarar Rashanci - Tonality a cikin kiɗa na zamani, L., 1968); Perle G., Serial abun da ke ciki da kuma atonality, Berk.-Los Ang., 1962, 1963; Austin W., Kiɗa a ƙarni na 20…, NY, 1966.
GM Schneerson
