Ka'idar Tasiri |

SHAFI KA'IDAR (daga lat. affectus - jin daɗin zuciya, sha'awar) - kiɗa da kyan gani. ra'ayi da ya yadu a cikin karni na 18; bisa ga wannan ka'idar, babban (ko ma kawai) abun ciki na kiɗa shine magana, ko "siffa", mutum. ji, sha'awa. A. t. ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar (Aristotle) ​​da tsakiyar zamanai. aesthetics ("Musica movet affectus" - "Kiɗa yana motsa sha'awa," in ji Augustine mai albarka). Muhimmiyar rawa wajen samuwar A. t. falsafar R. Descartes ne ya buga shi – littafinsa mai suna “Emotional passions” (“Les passions de l'vme”, 1649). Babban shigarwa na A. t. I. Matteson ne ya tsara shi. "Yana yiwuwa a kwatanta daidai da taimakon kayan aiki masu sauƙi da darajar rai, ƙauna, kishi. Kuna iya isar da duk motsin rai da sauƙi ko sakamakonsu, ”ya rubuta a cikin Sabon Nazarin Singspiel (“Die neueste Untersuchung der Singspiele”, 1744). An ƙirƙira wannan tanadi na gaba ɗaya ta hanyar cikakken ma'anar (sau da yawa na al'ada) na abin da zai bayyana. Ta hanyar waƙa, kari, jituwa, ɗaya ko wani ji ana iya isar da shi. Ko da J. Tsarlino ("Istitetioni harmoniche", 1558) ya rubuta game da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu tasirin decomp. tazara da manya da kanana triads. A. Werkmeister (ƙarni na 17) ya faɗaɗa kewayon muses da ke da alaƙa da wasu tasirin. yana nufin, gabatar da shi cikin tonality, tempo, dissonance and consonance, rajista. Dangane da jigo na V. Galili, game da wannan, an kuma yi la'akari da katako da iya aiki na kayan aikin. A cikin duk irin waɗannan ayyukan an rarraba tasirin su kansu; A. Kircher a cikin 1650 ("Musurgia universalis") yana da nau'ikan su guda 8, kuma FW Marpurg a 1758 - riga 27. An kuma yi la'akari da tambayar dawwama da canjin tasiri. Yawancin magoya bayan A. t. yi imani da cewa muses. wani aiki zai iya bayyana tasiri ɗaya kawai, yana nunawa a cikin lalata. sassa na abun da ke ciki na gradations da inuwa. A. t. ya ci gaba a wani yanki azaman haɓakar abubuwan da ke fitowa cikin Italiyanci, Faransanci. da Jamusanci. waka ser. Karni na 18, wani bangare ya kasance kyakkyawa. tsammanin jagorancin "m" a cikin kiɗa. kerawa 2nd bene. Karni na 18 (N. Piccinni, 'ya'yan JS Bach, JJ Rousseau da sauransu). A. t. manne da yawa. manyan mawaƙa, masana falsafa, aesthetics na wancan lokacin: I. Mattheson, GF Telemann, JG Walter ("Musical Lexicon"), FE Bach, II Kvanz, jera GE Lessing, Abbot JB Dubos, JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot ("Dan uwan ​​Ramo" ”), CA Helvetius (“A Hankali”), AEM Grétry (“Memoirs”). A cikin bene na 2. Karni na 18 A. t. rasa tasirinsa.

Kare ka'idar yanayi. da kuma tausayi na gaskiya. bayyana kida, magoya bayan A. t. adawa da kunkuntar fasaha, a kan stilted Jamus. classicist makaranta, a kan detachment daga duniya, sau da yawa horar da a cikin chants na Katolika. da bishara. coci, da kuma gaba da manufa. aesthetics, wanda ya ƙi ka'idar kwaikwayo kuma ya nemi tabbatar da "rashin fahimta" na ji da sha'awar muses. yana nufin.

A lokaci guda, A. t. an siffata ta da iyaka, yanayin injina. Rage abubuwan da waka ke ciki zuwa bayyana sha’awa, ta raina mahimmancin abin da ke cikinsa. Yin la'akari da tasiri kamar ƙungiyoyin ruhaniya iri ɗaya ga dukan mutane, A.t. Mawaƙa sun karkata don bayyana wasu nau'ikan ji, kuma ba bayyanarsu na musamman ba. Ƙoƙarin tsara tazara, maɓallai, rhythms, tempos, da sauransu bisa ga bayanin motsin zuciyar su. sakamako sau da yawa yakan haifar da schematism da gefe ɗaya.

References: Дидро D., Племянник Рамо, Избр. zo., pr. с франц., т. 1, M., 1926; Маркус S., История музыкальной ESTетики, ч. 1, M., 1959, Gl. II; Wаlthеr JG, Musikalisches Lexikon, Lpz., 1732; Mattheson J., Cikakken Jagora, Kassel, 1739; Bach C. Ph. Em., Maƙala akan Fasahar Gaskiya ta Wasan Piano, Tl 1-2, В., 1753; Rousseau J.-J., Dictionnaire de musique, Gиn., 1767, P., 1768; Engel JJ, game da jerin kida, В., 1780; Gretry A., Mйmoires, ou Essais sur la musique, P., 1789, P., 1797; Marx A. В., Game da zane-zane a cikin kiɗa, B., 1828; Kretzschmar H., Sabbin shawarwari don inganta ilimin tafsirin kida, kyawawan kalmomi, в сб.: «JbP», XII, Lpz., 1905; его же, gabaɗaya da musamman ga ka'idar tasiri, I-II, da sauransu, XVIII-XIX, Lpz., 1911-12; Schering A., Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jamus, «SIMG», VIII, B., 1906/07; Goldschmidt H., Kyawun Kiɗa na Ƙarni na 18, Z., 1915; Schцfke R., Quantz a matsayin mai son kwalliya, «AfMw», VI, 1924; Frotscher G., Tsarin jigo na Bach a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ka'idar tasiri. Rahoto kan Taron Kiɗa na 1925 a Leipzig. 1926, Lpz., 1700; Seraukу W., Aesthetics na kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin lokacin 1850-1929, Jami'ar Archive XVII, Mьnster i. W., 1955; Eggebrecht HH, Ƙa'idar magana a cikin guguwar kiɗa da roƙon, "Jaridar Quarterly na Jamus don Nazarin wallafe-wallafe da Tarihin Ilimi", XXIX, XNUMX.

KK Rosenshield