Alt |

Alto (Jamus Alt, Italiyanci alto, daga Latin altus - high).

1) Maɗaukakin murya na biyu a cikin kiɗan sassa huɗu. A wannan yanayin, kalmar "A". An yi amfani da shi tun daga karni na 15. A baya can, a cikin gabatarwar murya uku, muryar da ta yi sauti a sama, da kuma wani lokacin a ƙasan tenor, ana kiranta countertenor. Tare da canzawa zuwa 4-voice, sun fara bambanta tsakanin countertenor alto da countertenor bass, daga baya ake kira kawai alto da bass. A farkon abubuwan da aka tsara kashi huɗu cappella (ƙarni na 15), maza ne suka yi ɓangaren viola. A cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa kashi uku. maki da kuma daga baya (ƙarni na 16-17), ɓangaren alto wani lokaci ana ba da amana ga masu haya.

2) Sashe a cikin mawaƙa ko wok. gungu, wanda ƙananan yara ko ƙananan muryoyin mata suka yi (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Daga karshen karni na 18 a cikin mawakan opera. maki a Italiya, daga baya kuma a Faransa (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), bangaren mata masu karamin karfi. ana kiran muryoyin mezzo-soprano, ko tsakiyar soprano. Tun daga wannan lokacin, liyafa a cikin mata masu kama da juna. mawaka suka fara suna. muryoyin mata: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. A cikin wok.-symp. Ƙungiyoyi (ban da Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, da dai sauransu) da kuma a cikin mawakan cappella, an adana tsohon suna, viola.

3) A cikin kasashen ta. sunan harshe contralto.

4) Karancin muryar yara. Da farko, ana kiran muryoyin samarin da suka rera sashen A. a cikin mawaka don haka, daga baya – duk wata karamar muryar rera ta yara (maza da mata), kewayon sa – (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) Kayan aiki mai ruku'i (Viola Italiyanci, Faransanci alto, Jamus Bratsche) na dangin violin, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsayi tsakanin violin da cello. Ta girman girman da yawa ya fi girma fiye da violin (tsayin jiki ca. 410 mm; tsoffin masu sana'a sun yi violas har zuwa 460-470 mm tsayi; a cikin 19 B. ƙananan violin ya zama tartsatsi - 380-390 mm tsayi; sabanin sha'awar sha'awa ga su ta G. Ritter kuma daga baya L. Tertis ya ƙera manyan samfura, har yanzu ba su kai girman na A.). Gina A. na biyar a ƙarƙashin violin (c, g, d1, a1); Bangaren A. yana cikin ɓangarorin alto da treble clefs. An yi imanin cewa violin shine kayan aikin farko na ƙungiyar violin (ya bayyana a ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16). Sautin A. ya bambanta da violin daya a cikin yawansa, sautin contralto a cikin ƙananan rajista da ɗan ɗan hanci "oboe" timbre a cikin babba. Yi akan A. fasaha mai sauri. hanyoyin sun fi wuya fiye da kan violin. A. ana amfani da kam. ciki ensembles (sashe na kwarton baka ba koyaushe), symphony. ƙungiyar makaɗa, ƙasa da yawa a matsayin solo conc. kayan aiki. Conc. wasan kwaikwayo na A. ya fara bayyana a farkon karni na 18. (conc. Symphony for violin and viola with orchestra by WA ​​Mozart, concertos by J. Stamitz na 'yan'uwa K. da A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, bambancin don violin da viola ta IE Khandoshkin da sauransu). Sonata na A. ya rubuta MI Glinka. A cikin karni na 20th concertos da sonatas ga A. B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman ne suka kirkiro. , RS Bunin da sauransu; akwai conc. taka A. da kuma a cikin sauran nau'o'in. Fitattun 'yan adawa: K. Uran (Faransa), O. Nedbal (Jamhuriyar Czech), P. Hindemith (Jamus), L. Tertis (Ingila), W. Primrose (Amurka), VR Bakaleinikov (Rasha), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Wasu daga cikin fitattun ƴan wasan violin a wasu lokuta suna zama a matsayin violin - N. Paganini, daga mujiya. violinists - DF Oistrakh.

6) Alto irin wasu orcs. kayan aikin iska - flugelhorns (A., ko altohorn) da saxhorns, clarinet (ƙahon basset), oboe (alto oboe, ko ƙaho na Ingilishi), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto iri-iri na domra.

References: Struve BA, Tsarin samuwar violin da violin, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, wallafe-wallafen viola na Rasha, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, "The Strad", XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Tarihin viola a rubuce-rubucen Quartet, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. da Shore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raben