Alexander Afanasyevich Spendiarov |

Alexander Spendiarov

AA Spendiarov koyaushe yana kusa da ƙaunata a gare ni a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙi na asali kuma a matsayin mawaƙi tare da maras kyau, dabaru iri-iri. ... A cikin kiɗa na AA mutum zai iya jin daɗin wahayi, ƙamshin launi, ikhlasi da kyawun tunani da kamala na ado. A. Glazunov

A. Spendiarov ya sauka a cikin tarihi a matsayin classic na Armenian music, wanda ya aza harsashi na kasa symphony da kuma halitta daya daga cikin mafi kyau kasa operas. Ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen kafa makarantar mawaka ta Armeniya. Bayan organically aiwatar da hadisai na Rasha almara symphonism (A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov) a kan kasa tushe, ya faɗaɗa akida, figurative, thematic, Genre kewayon Armenian music, wadãtar da ta bayyana nufin.

Spendiarov ya ce: “Daga cikin tasirin kiɗan da nake yi a lokacin ƙuruciyata da kuma samartaka, abin da ya fi ƙarfi shi ne wasan piano na mahaifiyata, wanda na fi son saurare kuma babu shakka ya ta da ni son kiɗa na farko.” Duk da farkon bayyana iyawar kirkire-kirkire, ya fara nazarin kiɗan a makara - yana ɗan shekara tara. Koyan yin piano ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da damar darussan violin. Na farko m gwaje-gwaje na Spendiarov kasance a cikin shekaru na karatu a Simferopol gymnasium: ya yi kokarin shirya raye-raye, maci, romances.

A 1880, Spendiarov shiga Moscow Jami'ar, karatu a Faculty of Law kuma a lokaci guda ci gaba da nazarin violin, wasa a cikin dalibi makada. Daga madugu na wannan makada, N. Klenovsky, Spendiarov daukan darussa a ka'idar, abun da ke ciki, da kuma bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a (1896) ya tafi St. Petersburg da shekaru hudu Masters da abun da ke ciki Hakika tare da N. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Tuni a lokacin karatunsa, Spendiarov ya rubuta wasu nau'ikan murya da kayan aiki, wanda nan da nan ya sami karbuwa sosai. Daga cikin su akwai romances "Oriental Melody" ("Zuwa Rose") da "Oriental Lullaby Song", "Concert Overture" (1900). A cikin wadannan shekaru Spendiarov ya sadu da A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, N. Tigranyan. Sanin yana haɓaka zuwa babban abota, ana kiyaye shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwa. Tun 1900 Spendiarov ya zauna a cikin Crimea (Yalta, Feodosia, Sudak). A nan ya yi magana da fitattun wakilan al'adun fasaha na Rasha: M. Gorky, A. Chekhov, L. Tolstoy, I. Bunin, F. Chaliapin, S. Rakhmaninov. Baƙi na Spendiarov sune A. Glazunov, F. Blumenfeld, mawakan opera E. Zbrueva da E. Mravina.

A cikin 1902, yayin da yake Yalta, Gorky ya gabatar da Spendiarov zuwa waƙarsa "Mai Fisherman da Fairy" kuma ya ba da shi a matsayin makirci. Ba da daɗewa ba, bisa tushensa, ɗayan mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa ya haɗa - ballad don bass da orchestra, wanda Chaliapin ya yi a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar a ɗaya daga cikin maraice na kiɗa. Spendiarov ya sake komawa aikin Gorky a shekara ta 1910, ya tsara waƙar "Edelweiss" bisa ga rubutun daga wasan kwaikwayo na "Summer Residents", don haka ya bayyana ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa. Dangane da wannan, yana da ma'ana cewa a cikin 1905 Spendiarov ya buga buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa don nuna rashin amincewa da korar N. Rimsky-Korsakov daga farfesa na St. Petersburg Conservatory. An sadaukar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙaunataccen malami ga "Jana'izar Prelude" (1908).

A kan yunƙurin C. Cui, a lokacin rani na 1903, Spendiarov ya fara gudanar da aikinsa na farko a Yalta, ya sami nasarar aiwatar da jerin zane-zane na Crimean na farko. Da yake yana da kyakkyawan fassarar abubuwan da ya rubuta, daga baya ya yi ta maimaitawa a matsayin jagora a cikin biranen Rasha da Transcaucasus, a Moscow da St. Petersburg.

Sha'awar kiɗan al'ummomin da ke zaune a cikin Crimea, musamman Armeniya da Tatars na Crimea, Spendiarov ne ya ƙunshi shi a cikin wasu ayyukan murya da waƙoƙi. An yi amfani da waƙa na gaske na Crimean Tatar a cikin ɗayan mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen "Crimean Sketches" na ƙungiyar makaɗa (1903, 1912). Bisa ga labari na X. Abovyan "Rauni na Armeniya", a farkon yakin duniya na farko, an yi waƙar jaruntaka "A can, a can, a filin girmamawa" an tsara shi. M. Saryan ya tsara murfin don aikin da aka buga, wanda ya zama wani lokaci don sanin sirri na wakilai biyu masu daraja na al'adun Armeniya. Sun ba da gudummawar kudade daga wannan littafin ga kwamitin don tallafawa wadanda yakin Turkiyya ya shafa. Spendiarov ya ƙunshi dalili na bala'i na mutanen Armeniya (kisan kare dangi) a cikin jarumtakar kishin kasa aria don baritone da mawaƙa "Zuwa Armenia" zuwa ayoyin I. Ionisyan. Wadannan ayyukan suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin Spendiarov kuma sun ba da hanya don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na jarumtakar kishin kasa "Almast" bisa makircin waƙar "Kwamar Tmkabert" na O. Tumanyan, wanda ya ba da labari game da gwagwarmayar 'yanci. na mutanen Armeniya a karni na XNUMX. a kan masu ci Farisa. M. Saryan ya taimaka wa Spendiarov a cikin neman libertto, ya gabatar da mawaki a Tbilisi ga mawallafin O. Tumanyan. An rubuta rubutun tare, kuma mawaƙin S. Parnok ne ya rubuta libretto.

Kafin fara shirya wasan opera, Spendiarov ya fara tara kayan: ya tattara mutanen Armeniya da Farisa da waƙoƙin ashug, ya san shirye-shiryen samfuran kiɗa na gabas. Aikin opera kai tsaye ya fara daga baya kuma an kammala shi bayan Spendiarov ya koma Yerevan a 1924 bisa gayyatar gwamnatin Soviet Armenia.

Lokaci na ƙarshe na ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Spendiarov yana da alaƙa da sa hannu mai ƙarfi a cikin ginin al'adun kiɗan Soviet matasa. A cikin Crimea (a Sudak) yana aiki a cikin sashen ilimi na jama'a kuma yana koyarwa a cikin ɗakin kiɗa, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa da mawaƙa, aiwatar da waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha da Ukrainian. Ayyukansa suna ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin jagoran kide-kide na marubucin da aka shirya a biranen Crimea, a Moscow da Leningrad. A cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka gudanar a Babban Hall na Leningrad Philharmonic a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1923, tare da hoton symphonic "Bishiyoyin dabino guda uku", jerin na biyu na "Sketches Crimean" da "Lullaby", farkon suite daga opera "Almast". ” an yi shi a karon farko, wanda ya haifar da martani mai kyau daga masu suka .

Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Armenia (Yerevan) yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan ƙarin jagorancin ayyukan fasaha na Spendiarov. Yana koyarwa a ɗakin karatu, yana shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko a Armeniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin jagora. Tare da irin wannan sha'awar, mawaƙin yana yin rikodin kuma yana nazarin kiɗan jama'ar Armeniya, kuma yana bayyana a cikin bugawa.

Spendiarov ya kawo ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka zama shahararrun mawakan Soviet. Waɗannan su ne N. Chemberdzhi, L. Khodja-Einatov, S. Balasanyan da sauransu. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya yaba da goyon bayan baiwar A. Khachaturian. Ayyukan koyarwa da kida da kida da zamantakewar Spendiarov ba su hana ci gaban aikin mawakin nasa ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya ƙirƙiri wasu ayyukansa mafi kyau, ciki har da misali mai ban mamaki na wasan kwaikwayo na kasa "Erivan Etudes" (1925) da opera "Almast" (1928). Spendiarov cike da m tsare-tsaren: da ra'ayi na symphony "Sevan", da symphony-cantata "Armenia", a cikin abin da mawaki ya so ya nuna tarihi rabo na 'yan qasar mutane, balagagge. Amma waɗannan tsare-tsare ba a ƙaddara su zama gaskiya ba. A cikin Afrilu 1928, Spendiarov ya kama wani mummunan sanyi, ya kamu da ciwon huhu, kuma a ranar 7 ga Mayu ya mutu. An binne tokar mawakin a cikin lambun da ke gaban gidan wasan opera na Yerevan mai suna bayansa.

Creativity Spendiarov m sha'awar ga embodiment na kasa halayyar Genre zane-zane na yanayi, jama'a rayuwa. Kiɗansa yana burgewa tare da yanayi na waƙoƙin haske mai laushi. Har ila yau, dalilai na zanga-zangar al'umma, dagewar bangaskiya ga 'yantar da ke zuwa da kuma farin cikin mutanensa masu tsayin daka sun mamaye wasu ayyuka masu ban mamaki na marubucin. Tare da aikinsa, Spendiarov ya ɗaga kiɗan Armenia zuwa matsayi mafi girma na ƙwararru, ya zurfafa dangantakar kiɗan Armeniya da Rasha, ya wadatar da al'adun kiɗan ƙasa tare da ƙwarewar fasaha na gargajiya na Rasha.

D. Arutynov