Menene Piano - Babban bayyani

Piano (daga Italiyanci forte - m da piano - shiru) kayan kida ne mai zare mai cike da tarihi. An san duniya fiye da shekaru ɗari uku, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci.

A cikin wannan labarin - cikakken bayyani na piano, tarihinsa, na'urar da ƙari.

Tarihin kayan kida

Kafin gabatarwar piano, akwai wasu nau'ikan kayan aikin madannai:

1. Harpsichord . An ƙirƙira shi a Italiya a ƙarni na 15. An fitar da sautin saboda gaskiyar cewa lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, sandar (pusher) ya tashi, bayan haka plectrum ya "cire" kirtani. Lalacewar makalar ita ce ba za ku iya canza ƙarar ba, kuma kiɗan ba ta da ƙarfi sosai.
2. Clavichord (fassara daga Latin - "maɓalli da kirtani"). An yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ƙarni na XV-XVIII. Sautin ya tashi saboda tasirin tangent (filin karfe a bayan maɓalli) akan kirtani. An sarrafa ƙarar sautin ta latsa maɓallin. Ƙarƙashin clavichord shine sautin faɗuwa da sauri.

Mahaliccin piano shine Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731), masanin kiɗan Italiyanci. A 1709, ya kammala aiki a kan wani kayan aiki da ake kira gravicembalo col piano e forte (harpsichord mai laushi da ƙara) ko "pianoforte". Kusan duk manyan nodes na fasahar piano na zamani sun riga sun kasance a nan.

Bartolomeo Cristofori

Bayan lokaci, an inganta piano:

• firam ɗin ƙarfe masu ƙarfi sun bayyana, an canza wurin sanya igiyoyi (ɗayan sama da sauran giciye), kuma kaurinsu ya karu - wannan ya sa ya yiwu a cimma cikakkiyar sautin;
• a cikin 1822, Bafaranshe S. Erar ya ba da izinin tsarin "biyu rehearsal", wanda ya sa ya yiwu a sake maimaita sauti cikin sauri da kuma ƙara ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayo;
• A cikin karni na 20, an ƙirƙira pianos na lantarki da na'urori masu haɗawa .

A Rasha, an fara samar da piano a cikin karni na 18 a St. Petersburg. Har zuwa 1917, akwai masu sana'a kusan 1,000 da ɗaruruwan kamfanonin kiɗa - alal misali, KM Schroeder, Ya. Becker" da sauransu.

A cikin duka, a cikin tarihin wanzuwar piano, kusan masana'antun 20,000 daban-daban, duka kamfanoni da mutane, sun yi aiki akan wannan kayan aikin.

Menene kamannin piano, gran piano da fortepiano?

Fortepiano shine sunan gaba ɗaya na kayan kida na wannan nau'in. Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da manyan pianos da pianos (fassara ta zahiri - "kananan piano").

A cikin babban piano, zaren, duk makanikai da allon sauti (sauni mai sauti) ana sanya su a kwance, don haka yana da girma mai ban sha'awa, kuma siffarsa yayi kama da fikafikan tsuntsu. Muhimmin fasalinsa shine murfin buɗewa (lokacin da yake buɗe, ana ƙara ƙarfin sauti).

Akwai pianos na daban-daban masu girma dabam, amma a matsakaita, tsawon kayan aiki ya kamata ya zama akalla 1.8 m, kuma nisa ya zama akalla 1.5 m.

Piano yana da tsari na tsari na tsaye, saboda abin da yake da tsawo fiye da piano, siffar elongated kuma yana jingina kusa da bangon ɗakin. Girman piano sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na babban piano - matsakaicin nisa ya kai 1.5 m, kuma zurfin yana kusan 60 cm.

Bambance-bambancen kayan kida

Baya ga girma dabam dabam, babban piano yana da bambance-bambance masu zuwa daga piano:

1. Kirtani na babban piano yana kwance a cikin jirgin sama ɗaya da maɓallan (maɓalli a kan piano), kuma sun fi tsayi, wanda ke ba da sauti mai ƙarfi da wadata.
2. Babban piano yana da fedals 3 kuma piano yana da 2.
3. Babban bambanci shine manufar kayan kida. Piano ya dace da amfani da gida, tun da yake yana da sauƙin koyon yadda ake kunna shi, kuma ƙarar ba ta da girma har ta dame maƙwabta. An tsara piano ne musamman don manyan ɗakuna da ƙwararrun mawaƙa.

Gabaɗaya, piano da babban piano suna kusa da juna, ana iya ɗaukar su ƙaramin ɗan'uwa a cikin dangin piano.

Na'ura

Manyan nau'ikan piano :

• kananan piano (tsawon 1.2 - 1.5 m.);
• piano na yara (tsawon 1.5 - 1.6 m.);
• piano matsakaici (1.6 - 1.7 m a tsayi);
• babban piano don falo (1.7 - 1.8 m.);
• masu sana'a (tsawonsa shine 1.8 m.);
• babban piano don ƙanana da manyan dakuna (tsawon 1.9 / 2 m);
• kanana da manya manyan pianos (2.2/2.7m.)

Za mu iya suna nau'ikan pianos masu zuwa:

• piano-spinet - tsawo kasa da 91 cm, ƙananan girman, ƙirar ƙira, kuma, sakamakon haka, ba mafi kyawun ingancin sauti ba;
• piano console (zaɓi mafi yawanci) - tsayin 1-1.1 m, siffar gargajiya, sauti mai kyau;
• studio (kwararre) piano - tsayi 115-127 cm, sauti mai kama da babban piano;
• manyan pianos - tsayi daga 130 cm da sama, tsoffin samfurori, waɗanda aka bambanta da kyau, karko da ingantaccen sauti.

Shiryawa

Babban piano da piano suna raba shimfidar wuri ɗaya, kodayake an tsara cikakkun bayanai daban:

• ana ja da igiyoyi a kan firam ɗin simintin ƙarfe tare da taimakon turaku, waɗanda ke ƙetare shingen treble da bass (suna ƙara girgiza kirtani), haɗe da garkuwar katako a ƙarƙashin igiyoyin ( bene mai resonant);
• a cikin ƙananan ƙarami , 1 kirtani yana aiki, kuma a tsakiyar da manyan rajista, "mawaƙin" na 2-3 kirtani.

makanikai

Lokacin da mai wasan pianist ya danna maɓalli, mai damfara (muffler) yana motsawa daga kirtani, yana ba shi damar yin sauti da yardar rai, bayan haka guduma yana bugunsa. Wannan shine yadda piano ke sauti. Lokacin da ba a kunna kayan aikin ba, igiyoyin (sai dai matsananciyar octave) ana danna su a kan damper.

Ƙafafun Piano

Piano yawanci yana da ƙafa biyu, yayin da babban piano yana da uku:

1. Fedal na farko . Lokacin da ka danna shi, duk dampers suna tashi, kuma wasu igiyoyi suna yin sauti lokacin da maɓallan suka fito, yayin da wasu suka fara girgiza. Ta wannan hanyar yana yiwuwa a sami ci gaba da sauti da ƙarin sauti.
2. Hagu feda . Yana sanya sautin ya danne kuma yana rage shi. Ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba.
3. Fedal na uku (ana samunsa akan piano kawai). Ayyukansa shine toshe wasu dampers don su kasance daga sama har sai an cire feda. Saboda wannan, zaku iya ajiye maɓalli ɗaya yayin kunna wasu bayanan kula.

Yin wasa da kayan aiki

Duk nau'ikan pianos suna da maɓalli 88, 52 daga cikinsu fari ne sauran 36 kuma baƙi ne. Madaidaicin kewayon wannan kayan kida daga bayanin kula A subcontroctave zuwa bayanin kula C a cikin octave na biyar.

Pianos da manyan pianos suna da yawa kuma suna iya kunna kusan kowace waƙa. Sun dace duka biyu don ayyukan solo da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Misali, masu wasan pian sukan raka violin, dombra, cello da sauran kayan kida.

FAQ

Yadda za a zabi piano don amfanin gida?

Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da wani muhimmin batu - mafi girma da piano ko babban piano, mafi kyawun sauti. Idan girman gidan ku da kasafin kuɗi sun ba da izini, ya kamata ku sayi babban piano. A wasu lokuta, kayan aiki na matsakaici zai zama mafi kyawun zaɓi - ba zai ɗauki sarari da yawa ba, amma zai yi kyau.

Shin yana da sauƙi a koyi yin piano?

Idan piano yana buƙatar ƙwarewar ci gaba, to piano ya dace da masu farawa. Wadanda ba su yi karatu a makarantar kiɗa ba tun suna yaro bai kamata su damu ba - yanzu kuna iya ɗaukar darussan piano akan layi cikin sauƙi.

Wadanne masana'antun piano ne mafi kyau?

Yana da kyau a lura da kamfanoni da yawa waɗanda ke kera manyan pianos da pianos masu inganci:

• premium : Bechstein grand pianos, Bluthner pianos da grand pianos, Yamaha concert grand pianos;
• tsakiyar aji : Hoffmann babban pianos , Agusta Forester pianos;
• araha kasafin kudin model : Boston, Yamaha pianos, Haessler grand pianos.

Shahararrun ƴan wasan piano da mawaƙa

1. Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) fitaccen mawakin Poland ne kuma mawaƙin pianist virtuoso. Ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa a nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in shuka iri iri da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau`in shuka) da nau`in tsiro da kiwo, da sabbin fasahohin zamani da sabbin fasahohin zamani, gami da fasahohin zamani, da na zamani."
2. Franz Liszt (1811-1886) - Pianist na Hungary. Ya shahara don wasan piano na virtuoso da mafi hadaddun ayyukansa - alal misali, Mephisto Waltz waltz.
3. Sergey Rachmaninov (1873-1943) sanannen mawaƙin piano ne na ƙasar Rasha. An bambanta ta ta hanyar fasahar wasansa da salon marubucin na musamman.
4. Denis Matsuev dan wasan piano ne na zamani, wanda ya lashe gasa masu daraja. Ayyukansa sun haɗu da al'adun makarantar piano na Rasha da sababbin abubuwa.

Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da Piano

• bisa ga abubuwan da masana kimiyya suka yi, wasan piano yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan horo, nasarar ilimi, hali da daidaitawar motsi a cikin yara masu shekaru makaranta;
• Tsawon babban kide kide da wake-wake a duniya shine 3.3 m, kuma nauyin ya fi ton daya;
• tsakiyar madannai na piano yana tsakanin bayanin kula "mi" da "fa" a cikin octave na farko;
• Mawallafin aikin farko na piano shine Lodovico Giustini, wanda ya rubuta sonata "12 Sonate da cimbalo di piano e forte" a shekara ta 1732.

Girgawa sama

Piano sanannen kayan aiki ne kuma mai jujjuyawar abin da ba zai yuwu a samo masa analogue ba. Idan baku taɓa kunna shi ba, gwada shi - watakila gidanku zai ƙara cika da sautin sihiri na waɗannan maɓallan.