Rubutu |

lat. transcriptio, lit. - sake rubutawa

Shirye-shiryen, sarrafa aikin kiɗa, samun ƙimar fasaha mai zaman kanta. Akwai nau'ikan rubutu guda biyu: daidaita aikin don wani kayan aiki (misali, rubutun piano na murya, violin, abun da ke cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ko murya, violin, kwafin ƙungiyar kiɗan piano); canji (don manufar mafi dacewa ko mafi girma) na gabatarwa ba tare da canza kayan aiki (murya) wanda aka yi nufin aikin a cikin asali ba. A wasu lokuta ana danganta fassarori cikin kuskure ga nau'in rubutun.

Rubutu yana da dogon tarihi, a zahiri yana komawa zuwa fassarar waƙoƙi da raye-raye na kayan kida daban-daban a ƙarni na 16 da 17. Haɓaka rubutun da ya dace ya fara a ƙarni na 18. (rubutun, galibi na harpsichord, na ayyukan JA Reinken, A. Vivaldi, G. Telemann, B. Marcello da sauransu, mallakar JS Bach). A cikin bene na 1. Rubuce-rubucen Piano na karni na 19, wanda aka bambanta da kyawun salon salon, ya zama tartsatsi (fassara ta F. Kalkbrenner, A. Hertz, Z. Thalberg, T. Döhler, S. Heller, AL Henselt, da sauransu); sau da yawa sun kasance sabawa na shahararrun wakokin opera.

Fitacciyar rawar da ta taka wajen bayyana damar fasaha da launi na piano an buga ta ta rubuce-rubucen kide-kide da yawa na F. Liszt (musamman wakokin F. Schubert, caprices na N. Paganini da gutsuttsura daga operas ta WA ​​Mozart, R. Wagner, G. Verdi; gabaɗaya kusan shirye-shirye 500). Ayyukan da yawa a cikin wannan nau'in an halicce su ne ta hanyar magada da mabiyan Liszt - K. Tausig (Bach's toccata and fugue in d-moll, Schubert's "March Soja" a D-dur), HG von Bülow, K. Klindworth, K. Saint. -Saens, F. Busoni, L. Godovsky da sauransu.

Busoni da Godowsky sune manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru; na farko daga cikinsu ya shahara saboda kwafin ayyukansa na Bach (toccatas, chorale preludes, da dai sauransu), Mozart da Liszt (Spanish Rhapsody, etudes bayan Paganini's capries), na biyu don daidaitawa na kayan garaya na ƙarni na 17-18. , Chopin's etudes da Strauss waltzes.

Liszt (da kuma mabiyansa) sun nuna wata hanya ta asali ta bambanta da nau'in rubutun fiye da na magabata. A gefe guda, ya karya da salon masu pianists na bene na 1. Karni na 19 don cika rubuce-rubuce tare da sassan da ba su da alaƙa da kiɗan aikin kuma an yi niyya don nuna kyawawan halaye na mai yin; a daya bangaren kuma, ya nisanta kansa daga wuce gona da iri na ainihin rubutun, la’akari da zai yiwu kuma ya wajaba a rama asarar da babu makawa na wasu bangarori na fasahar gaba daya a lokacin da aka rubuta ta wasu hanyoyin da sabon kayan aikin ya samar.

A cikin fassarar Liszt, Busoni, Godowsky, gabatarwar pianistic, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya dace da ruhu da abun ciki na kiɗa; a lokaci guda, ana ba da izini ga canje-canje daban-daban a cikin cikakkun bayanai na waƙar waƙa da haɗin kai, rhythm da form, rajista da jagorar murya, da sauransu, a cikin gabatarwar, wanda ke haifar da ƙayyadaddun sabon kayan aikin (kyakkyawan ra'ayi na . An ba da wannan ta hanyar kwatankwacin rubutun Paganini caprice guda ɗaya - E-dur No 9 na Schumann da Liszt).

Wani fitaccen masanin rubutun violin shine F. Kreisler (shirye-shiryen guda na WA Mozart, Schubert, Schumann, da sauransu).

Wani nau'in rubutun da ba a taɓa gani ba shine ƙungiyar makaɗa (misali, Hotunan Mussorgsky-Ravel a Nunin).

Salon rubutun, galibi piano, cikin Rashanci (AL Gurilev, AI Dyubyuk, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, AG Rubinshtein, SV Rachmaninov) da kiɗan Soviet (AD Kamensky, II Mikhnovsky, SE Feinberg, DB Kabalevsky, GR Ginzburg, NE Perelman) TP Nikolaeva, da dai sauransu).

Mafi kyawun misalan rubutun ("Sarkin daji" na Schubert-Liszt, "Chaconne" na Bach-Busoni, da dai sauransu) suna da ƙimar fasaha mai ɗorewa; duk da haka, yawan ƙananan rubuce-rubucen da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar virtuosos daban-daban sun ɓata wannan nau'in kuma ya kai ga bacewarsa daga tarihin yawancin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo.

References: Makarantar kwafin piano, comp. Kogan GM, vol. 1-6, M., 1970-78; Busoni F., Entwurf einer neuen Ästhetik der Tonkunst, Triest, 1907, Wiesbaden, 1954

GM Kogan