Edvard Grieg |

Edvard Grieg ne adam wata

… Na fitar da tarin tarin tarin waƙoƙin jama'a daga ƙasar haihuwata kuma daga wannan, har yanzu ba a bincika ba, nazarin ruhin mutanen Norway, na yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar fasahar ƙasa… E. Grieg

E. Grieg shine mawaƙin Norwegian na farko wanda aikinsa ya wuce iyakokin ƙasarsa kuma ya zama mallakar al'adun Turai. Wasan kida na piano, kida don wasan kwaikwayo na G. Ibsen “Peer Gynt”, “Peces Lyric” da soyayya sune kololuwar kida na rabin na biyu na karni na 1890. Ƙirƙirar balagagge na mawaƙin ya faru a cikin yanayi na saurin fure na rayuwar ruhaniyar Norway, ƙarin sha'awa ga abubuwan da suka gabata na tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da al'adun gargajiya. Wannan lokacin ya kawo dukan "taurari" na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu fasaha na ƙasa - A. Tidemann a cikin zane-zane, G. Ibsen, B. Bjornson, G. Wergeland da O. Vigne a cikin wallafe-wallafe. "A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, Norway ta fuskanci irin wannan tashin hankali a fannin wallafe-wallafen da babu wata ƙasa sai Rasha da za ta yi alfahari da ita," in ji F. Engels a cikin XNUMX. "...'Yan Norway suna ƙirƙira fiye da sauran, kuma suna sanya tambarin su akan wallafe-wallafen sauran al'ummomi, kuma ba ko kaɗan akan Jamusanci."

An haifi Grieg a Bergen, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Burtaniya. Mahaifiyarsa, ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun pian, ta jagoranci karatun kiɗan Edward, ta cusa masa soyayya ga Mozart. Bisa shawarar shahararren ɗan wasan violin na Norway U. Bull, Grieg a shekara ta 1858 ya shiga ɗakin Conservatory na Leipzig. Ko da yake tsarin koyarwa bai cika gamsar da saurayin ba, wanda ya yi sha'awar kiɗan soyayya na R. Schumann, F. Chopin da R. Wagner, shekarun karatun ba su wuce ba tare da wata alama ba: ya shiga al'adun Turai, ya faɗaɗa kiɗan kiɗan sa. horizons, da ƙware ƙwararrun fasaha. A ɗakin ajiyar ajiya, Grieg ya sami masu ba da shawara masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka mutunta basirarsa (K. Reinecke a cikin abun da ke ciki, E. Wenzel da I. Moscheles a cikin piano, M. Hauptmann a ka'idar). Tun shekara ta 1863, Grieg yana zaune a Copenhagen, yana inganta ƙwarewarsa na tsarawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shahararren mawaki na Danish N. Gade. Tare da abokinsa, mawaki R. Nurdrok, Grieg ya kirkiro ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Euterpa a Copenhagen, wanda manufarsa ita ce watsawa da haɓaka ayyukan mawaƙa na Scandinavian matasa. Yayin da yake tafiya tare da Bull, Grieg ya koyi yadda za a fahimta da jin labarin tarihin ƙasa. Piano Sonata mai tayar da hankali a cikin E Minor, Violin Sonata na Farko, Humoresques don Piano - waɗannan sune sakamako masu ban sha'awa na farkon lokacin aikin mawaki.

Tare da ƙaura zuwa Christiania (yanzu Oslo) a 1866, wani sabon salo mai ban sha'awa a rayuwar mawaki ya fara. Ƙarfafa al'adun kiɗa na ƙasa, haɗin gwiwar ƙoƙarin mawaƙan Norwegian, ilmantar da jama'a - waɗannan su ne manyan ayyukan Grieg a babban birnin kasar. A kan yunƙurinsa, an buɗe Kwalejin Kiɗa a Christiania (1867). A cikin 1871, Grieg ya kafa kungiyar Musical Society a babban birnin kasar, a cikin kide-kide wanda ya gudanar da ayyukan Mozart, Schumann, Liszt da Wagner, da mawakan Scandinavia na zamani - J. Swensen, Nurdrok, Gade da sauransu. Har ila yau, Grieg yana aiki a matsayin mai wasan piano - mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na piano, da kuma a cikin wani gungu tare da matarsa, mawaƙa mai ban sha'awa, Nina Hagerup. Ayyukan wannan lokacin - Piano Concerto (1868), littafin rubutu na farko na "Lyric Pieces" (1867), Violin Sonata na biyu (1867) - ya shaida shigar da mawaki a cikin shekarun balaga. Koyaya, manyan ayyukan kirkire-kirkire da ilimi na Grieg a babban birni sun gamu da munafunci, halin rashin hankali game da fasaha. Rayuwa a cikin yanayi na hassada da rashin fahimta, yana buƙatar goyon bayan mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya. Saboda haka, musamman abin tunawa a cikin rayuwarsa shi ne ganawa da Liszt, wanda ya faru a 1870 a Roma. Kalaman rabuwa na babban mawaƙi, da ƙwazo da kima na Piano Concerto ya dawo da kwarin gwiwar Grieg: “Ku ci gaba da ruhu ɗaya, na gaya muku wannan. Kuna da bayanan don wannan, kuma kada ku bari kanku ku ji tsoro! - waɗannan kalmomi sun yi kama da albarka ga Grieg. Harkokin karatun jihar na tsawon rai, wanda Grieg ya samu daga 1874, ya ba da damar iyakance wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan koyarwa a babban birnin kasar, da kuma tafiya zuwa Turai sau da yawa. A 1877 Grieg ya bar Christiania. Ya ki amincewa da tayin abokai na zama a Copenhagen da Leipzig, ya fi son rayuwa ta kaɗaici da kere kere a Hardanger, ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na Norway.

Tun 1880 Grieg ya zauna a Bergen da kewaye a villa "Trollhaugen" ("Troll Hill"). Komawa kasarsa ya yi tasiri mai amfani ga yanayin kirkire-kirkire na mawakin. Rikicin marigayi 70s. ya wuce, Grieg ya sake samun kuzarin kuzari. A cikin shiru na Trollhaugen, rukunin mawaƙa guda biyu “Peer Gynt”, string quartet a G small, ɗakin “Daga lokacin Holberg”, sabbin litattafan rubutu na “Peces Lyric”, romances da zagayowar murya an ƙirƙira su. Har zuwa shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ayyukan ilimi na Grieg ya ci gaba (jagoranci kide-kide na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Bergen Harmony, shirya bikin farko na kiɗan Norwegian a 1898). An maye gurbin aikin mawaƙin da aka tattara ta hanyar yawon shakatawa (Jamus, Austria, Ingila, Faransa); sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar kiɗan Norwegian a Turai, sun kawo sababbin haɗin gwiwa, abokan hulɗa tare da manyan mawaƙa na zamani - I. Brahms, C. Saint-Saens, M. Reger, F. Busoni, da sauransu.

A 1888 Grieg ya sadu da P. Tchaikovsky a Leipzig. Abokantakarsu mai ɗorewa ta samo asali ne, a cikin kalmomin Tchaikovsky, "akan zurfafan dangi na nau'ikan kiɗa biyu." Tare da Tchaikovsky, Grieg ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Cambridge (1893). Tchaikovsky's overture "Hamlet" an sadaukar da shi ga Grieg. Aikin mawaƙin ya cika ta Zabura huɗu zuwa tsoffin waƙoƙin Norwegian don baritone da gauraye mawaƙa a cappella (1906). Hoton ƙasar mahaifa a cikin haɗin kai na yanayi, al'adun ruhaniya, al'adun gargajiya, da da na yanzu sun kasance a tsakiyar aikin Grieg, yana jagorantar duk bincikensa. "Sau da yawa a hankali na rungumi dukan Norway, kuma wannan a gare ni wani abu ne mafi girma. Ba za a iya ƙaunar ruhu mai girma da ƙarfi ɗaya kamar yanayi ba! Mafi zurfi da fasaha cikakkiyar cikakkiyar sifar almara na ƙasar uwa ita ce rukunin mawaƙa 2 “Peer Gynt”, wanda Grieg ya ba da fassarar makircin Ibsen. Barin bayan bayanin Per a matsayin ɗan kasada, ɗan adam da ɗan tawaye, Grieg ya ƙirƙiri waƙar waƙa game da Norway, ya rera kyawun yanayinta ("Safiya"), an zana hotunan tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki ("A cikin kogon dutsen". sarki"). An samo ma'anar alamomin madawwami na mahaifa ta hotunan raye-raye na mahaifiyar Per - tsohuwar Oze - da amaryarsa Solveig ("Mutuwar Oze" da "Solveig's Lullaby").

Suites ɗin sun bayyana asalin yaren Grigovia, wanda ya haɗa nau'ikan tatsuniyoyi na al'adun Yaren mutanen Norway, ƙwararriyar halayyar kida mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wanda hoton almara mai yawa ya bayyana a cikin kwatankwacin gajerun zane-zanen orchestral. Littattafan Lyric Pieces ne suka haɓaka al'adun ƙaramin shirin Schumann don piano. Zane-zane na shimfidar wurare na arewa ("A cikin bazara", "Nocturne", "A Gida", "Karrarawa"), nau'i da wasan kwaikwayo ("Lullaby", "Waltz", "Butterfly", "Brook"), manoman Norwegian raye-raye ("Halling", "Springdance", "Gangar"), kyawawan haruffa na tatsuniyoyi ("Tsarin Dwarves", "Kobold") da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na lyrical ("Arietta", "Melody", "Elegy") - An ɗora babban duniyar hotuna a cikin waɗannan littattafan mawaƙa na waƙa.

Ƙanƙarar Piano, soyayya da waƙa sune tushen aikin mawaki. Lu'u-lu'u na gaske na kalmomin Grigov, suna fitowa daga tunani mai haske, tunani na falsafa zuwa wani sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, yabo, sune romances "The Swan" (Art. Ibsen), "Mafarki" (Art. F. Bogenshtedt), "Ina son ku" ( Art. G. Andersen). Kamar yawancin mawaƙa na soyayya, Grieg yana haɗa ƙaramin sautin murya zuwa zagayawa - "A kan Dutsen da Fjords", "Norway", "Yarinya daga Duwatsu", da sauransu. Yawancin romances suna amfani da rubutun mawaƙa na Scandinavian. Haɗin kai tare da wallafe-wallafen ƙasa, almara na Scandinavia na jaruntaka sun kuma bayyana a cikin ayyukan murya da kayan aiki don mawaƙa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa bisa ga matani na B. Bjornson: "A ƙofofin gidan sufi", "Komawa zuwa mahaifar su", "Olaf". Trygvason” (shafi na 50).

Ayyukan kayan aiki na manyan nau'ikan keken keke suna alama mafi mahimmancin ci gaba a cikin juyin halitta na mawaki. Wasan kwaikwayo na piano, wanda ya buɗe lokacin haɓakar kere kere, yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin nau'in nau'in a kan hanyar daga L. Beethoven's concertos zuwa P. Tchaikovsky da S. Rachmaninov. Faɗin ci gaba na simphonic, ma'aunin sauti na ƙungiyar makaɗa yana kwatanta String Quartet a cikin ƙaramar G.

Zurfafa ma'anar yanayin violin, kayan aikin da ya shahara sosai a cikin al'ummar Norway da kiɗan ƙwararru, ana samun su a cikin sonata uku don violin da piano - a cikin haske-idyllic Farko; m, mai haske na ƙasa na biyu da na uku, yana tsaye a cikin ayyukan ban mamaki na mawaƙi, tare da piano Ballade a cikin nau'i na bambancin kan waƙoƙin gargajiya na Norwegian, Sonata don Cello da Piano. A cikin duk waɗannan zagayowar, ka'idodin sonata dramaturgy suna hulɗa tare da ka'idodin suite, zagayowar ƙarami (dangane da sauye-sauye na kyauta, "sarkar" abubuwan da suka bambanta da ke ɗaukar canje-canje kwatsam a cikin ra'ayi, jihohin da suka samar da "rafi na abubuwan ban mamaki). ”, a cikin kalmomin B. Asafiev).

Salon suite ya mamaye aikin jin daɗin Grieg. Bugu da kari ga suites "Peer Gynt", da mawaki ya rubuta wani suite for kirtani makada "Daga Time of Holberg" (a cikin hanyar da tsohon suites na Bach da Handel); "Wasan kwaikwayo na Symphonic" akan jigogi na Yaren mutanen Norway, rukunin kiɗa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na B. Bjornson "Sigurd Jorsalfar", da sauransu.

Ayyukan Grieg da sauri ya sami hanyarsa ga masu sauraro daga ƙasashe daban-daban, riga a cikin 70s. na karni na karshe, ya zama abin da aka fi so kuma ya shiga cikin rayuwar kiɗa na Rasha. "Grieg ya yi nasarar lashe zukatan Rasha ga kansa nan da nan," in ji Tchaikovsky. "A cikin waƙarsa, cike da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, yana nuna kyawawan dabi'ar Norwegian, wani lokaci mai girma da girma, wani lokacin launin toka, mai ladabi, mara kyau, amma ko da yaushe yana da ban sha'awa ga ran ɗan arewa, akwai wani abu kusa da mu, masoyi, nan da nan muka samu a cikin zukatanmu zazzafan martani, mai tausayi.

I. Okhalova

• Rayuwa da aikin Grieg →
• Piano Grieg yana aiki →
• Ƙirƙirar Chamber-kayan aikin Grieg →
• Ƙaunar soyayya da waƙoƙin Grieg →
• Fasalolin kiɗan al'ummar Norway da tasirinsa akan salon Grieg →

Rayuwa da kuma hanyar kirkira

An haifi Edvard Hagerup Grieg a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1843. Kakanninsa su ne Scots (da sunan Greig). Amma kakana kuma ya zauna a Norway, ya yi hidima a matsayin jakadan Burtaniya a birnin Bergen; wannan matsayi ya kasance a hannun mahaifin mawakin. Iyalin sun kasance masu kida. Uwa - ƙwararren ƙwararren pian - ta koya wa yara kiɗa da kanta. Daga baya, ban da Edward, babban ɗan'uwansa John samu wani sana'a m ilimi (ya sauke karatu daga Leipzig Conservatory a cikin cello class tare da Friedrich Grützmacher da Karl Davydov).

Bergen, inda aka haifi Grieg kuma ya kwashe shekarunsa, ya shahara da al'adun fasaha na kasa, musamman a fagen wasan kwaikwayo: Henrik Ibsen da Bjornstjerne Bjornson sun fara ayyukansu a nan; An haifi Ole Bull a Bergen kuma ya rayu na dogon lokaci. Shi ne ya fara jawo hankali ga fitaccen basirar kida na Edward (yaron da ya hada tun yana dan shekara goma sha biyu) kuma ya shawarci iyayensa da su sanya shi a Leipzig Conservatory, wanda ya faru a shekara ta 1858. Tare da gajeren hutu, Grieg ya zauna a Leipzig har zuwa 1862. . (A shekara ta 1860, Grieg ya sha wahala mai tsanani wanda ya raunana lafiyarsa: ya rasa huhu guda ɗaya.).

Grieg, ba tare da jin daɗi ba, daga baya ya tuna da shekarun ilimin ra'ayin mazan jiya, hanyoyin koyarwa na scholastic, ra'ayin malamansa, warewarsu daga rayuwa. A cikin sautin barkwanci, ya bayyana wadannan shekarun, da kuma kuruciyarsa, a cikin makala mai suna “Nasara Na Farko”. Matashin mawaƙin ya sami ƙarfin “zubar da duk tarkacen da ba dole ba, wanda ƙaramin renonsa a gida da waje ya ba shi,” wanda ya yi barazanar jefa shi cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba. "A cikin wannan iko ya ajiye cetona, farin ciki na," Grieg ya rubuta. “Kuma lokacin da na fahimci wannan ikon, da zarar na gane kaina, na gane abin da zan so in kira nawa. kadai nasara…”. Duk da haka, zamansa a Leipzig ya ba shi yawa: matakin rayuwar kiɗa a wannan birni ya kasance mai girma. Kuma idan ba a cikin ganuwar Conservatory ba, a waje da shi, Grieg ya shiga cikin kiɗa na mawaƙa na zamani, wanda ya fi godiya ga Schumann da Chopin.

Grieg ya ci gaba da ingantawa a matsayin mawaƙi a cibiyar kiɗa na Scandinavia - Copenhagen. Shahararren mawakin Danish, mai sha'awar Mendelssohn, Nils Gade (1817-1890) ya zama jagoranta. Amma ko da waɗannan karatun ba su gamsar da Grieg ba: yana neman sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. Ganawa da Rikard Nurdrok ya taimaka wajen gano su - "kamar dai mayafi ya fado daga idanuna," in ji shi. Matasan mawakan sun sha alwashin bayar da dukkan gudummuwa don ci gaban kasa Yaren mutanen Norway Tun da farko a cikin kiɗa, sun ayyana gwagwarmayar rashin tausayi ga "Scandinavizim" mai laushi mai laushi, wanda ya ba da damar bayyana wannan farkon. Ole Bull ya goyi bayan binciken kirkire-kirkire na Grieg - a yayin tafiyarsu ta hadin gwiwa a kasar Norway, ya kaddamar da abokinsa matashi cikin sirrin fasahar jama'a.

Sabbin buri na akida ba su yi jinkirin shafar aikin mawaki ba. A cikin piano "Humoresques" op. 6 da sonata op. 7, haka kuma a cikin violin sonata op. 8 da Overture "A cikin kaka" op. 11, ainihin fasalin salon Grieg ya riga ya bayyana a fili. Ya ƙara inganta su a cikin lokaci na gaba na rayuwarsa mai dangantaka da Christiania (yanzu Oslo).

Daga 1866 zuwa 1874, wannan lokaci mafi tsanani na kida, kida da kida ya ci gaba.

Komawa a Copenhagen, tare da Nurdrok, Grieg ya shirya al'ummar Euterpe, wanda ya sanya kansa burin inganta ayyukan matasa mawaƙa. Komawa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, a babban birnin Norway, Christiania, Grieg ya ba da ayyukan kiɗan nasa da na jama'a mafi fa'ida. A matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar Philharmonic Society, ya nemi, tare da litattafai, don sanya masu sauraro sha'awa da ƙauna ga ayyukan Schumann, Liszt, Wagner, waɗanda ba a san sunayensu ba a Norway, da kuma kiɗan kiɗan. Marubutan Norwegian. Grieg ya kuma yi a matsayin mai pianist yana yin nasa ayyukan, sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar matarsa, mawaƙin ɗakin gida Nina Hagerup. Ayyukansa na kiɗa da ilimantarwa sun tafi tare da aiki mai zurfi a matsayin mawaki. A cikin wadannan shekaru ne ya rubuta shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na piano op. 16, Violin Sonata na biyu, op. 13 (daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so) kuma ya fara buga jerin litattafan rubutu na guntun murya, da kuma piano miniatures, duka raye-raye da raye-raye na jama'a.

Babban aikin Grieg a cikin Kiristanci, duk da haka, bai sami karɓuwar jama'a ba. Yana da abokantaka masu ban sha'awa a cikin gwagwarmayar kishin kasa mai zafi don fasahar kasa ta dimokuradiyya - da farko, mawaki Svensen da marubucin Bjornson (yana da alaƙa da ƙarshen shekaru masu yawa na abokantaka), amma har ma da yawa abokan gaba - masu kishin tsohuwar. wanda ya mamaye shekarun zamansa a Kiristanci da dabarunsu. Saboda haka, taimakon abokantaka da Liszt ya yi masa ya kasance musamman a cikin tunanin Grieg.

Liszt, wanda ya ɗauki matsayin abba, ya rayu a cikin waɗannan shekarun a Roma. Bai san Grieg da kansa ba, amma a ƙarshen 1868, bayan ya san kansa da Violin Sonata na Farko, wanda sabon kiɗan ya buge, ya aika da wasiƙar farin ciki ga marubucin. Wannan wasiƙar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin rayuwar Grieg: Taimakon halin kirki na Liszt ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa na akida da fasaha. A 1870, sun hadu a cikin mutum. Aboki mai daraja kuma mai karimci ga duk abin da ke hazaka a cikin kiɗan zamani, wanda musamman ya tallafa wa waɗanda suka gano kasa fara cikin kerawa, Liszt da kyar ta yarda da wasan kide-kiden piano da Grieg ya kammala. Ya ce masa: “Ka ci gaba, kana da duk bayanan wannan, kuma – kar ka bari ka ji tsoro! ..."

Da yake gaya wa iyalinsa game da ganawar da Liszt, Grieg ya ƙara da cewa: “Waɗannan kalmomi suna da mahimmanci a gare ni. Wani irin albarka ne. Kuma fiye da sau ɗaya, a cikin lokacin rashin jin daɗi da haushi, zan tuna da kalmominsa, kuma tunanin wannan sa'a zai taimake ni da ikon sihiri a cikin kwanakin gwaji.

Grieg ya tafi Italiya a kan tallafin karatu na jihar da ya samu. Bayan 'yan shekaru, tare da Swensen, ya sami fensho na rayuwa daga jihar, wanda ya 'yantar da shi daga buƙatar samun aiki na dindindin. A 1873, Grieg ya bar Christiania, kuma a shekara ta gaba ya zauna a ƙasarsa ta Bergen. Na gaba, na ƙarshe, tsawon lokacin rayuwarsa ya fara, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar manyan nasarorin kirkire-kirkire, amincewa da jama'a a gida da waje. Wannan lokacin yana buɗewa tare da ƙirƙirar kiɗa don wasan Ibsen "Peer Gynt" (1874-1875). Wannan waƙar ce ta sanya sunan Grieg ya shahara a Turai. Tare da kiɗan don Peer Gynt, ƙwaƙƙwaran piano ballad op. 24, string quartet op. 27, suite "Daga lokacin Holberg" op. 40, jerin littattafan rubutu na guntun piano da waƙoƙin murya, inda mawaƙin ya ƙara juyowa ga matani na mawaƙan Norwegian, da sauran ayyukan. Kiɗa na Grieg yana samun karɓuwa sosai, yana shiga fagen wasan kwaikwayo da rayuwar gida; Ayyukansa suna buga ta daya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen buga littattafai na Jamus, yawan tafiye-tafiye na kide-kide yana karuwa. Don fahimtar cancantar fasaharsa, Grieg ya zama memba na manyan makarantu: Yaren mutanen Sweden a 1872, Leiden (a Holland) a 1883, Faransanci a 1890, tare da Tchaikovsky a 1893 - likita na Jami'ar Cambridge.

A tsawon lokaci, Grieg yana ƙara gujewa rayuwar hayaniyar babban birnin. Dangane da yawon shakatawa, dole ne ya ziyarci Berlin, Vienna, Paris, London, Prague, Warsaw, yayin da a Norway yake zaune a kadaici, musamman a wajen birnin (na farko a Lufthus, sannan kusa da Bergen a kan dukiyarsa, wanda ake kira Troldhaugen, cewa shine, “Tudun Tudun Wuraren”); yana ba da mafi yawan lokacinsa don ƙirƙira. Duk da haka, Grieg bai daina aikin kiɗa da zamantakewa ba. Don haka, a cikin shekarun 1880-1882, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Harmony a Bergen, kuma a cikin 1898 ya kuma gudanar da bikin kiɗa na Norwegian na farko (na kide-kide shida) a can. Amma a cikin shekarun da suka wuce, dole ne a yi watsi da wannan: lafiyarsa ta tabarbare, cututtuka na huhu sun zama masu yawa. Grieg ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1907. An yi bikin tunawa da mutuwarsa a Norway a matsayin makoki na kasa.

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Jin tausayi mai zurfi yana haifar da bayyanar Edvard Grieg - mai fasaha da mutum. Mai riko da tausasawa wajen mu’amala da jama’a, a cikin aikinsa ya ke bambamta shi da gaskiya da rikon amana, kuma ba ya shiga harkokin siyasar kasar nan kai tsaye, ya kasance a matsayin mai tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Maslahar al'ummarsa ta fi komai a gare shi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa, a cikin shekarun da dabi'u suka bayyana a ƙasashen waje, da tasiri mai tasiri ya shafa, Grieg ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma. idon basira masu fasaha. "Ina adawa da kowane irin "isms," in ji shi, yana jayayya da Wagnerians.

A cikin ƴan labaransa, Grieg ya bayyana hukunce-hukuncen ƙayatarwa da yawa. Ya rusuna a gaban gwanin Mozart, amma a lokaci guda ya yi imanin cewa lokacin da ya sadu da Wagner, "wannan baiwa ta duniya, wanda ransa ya kasance baƙo ga kowane falsafanci, zai kasance yana farin ciki tun yana yaro a duk sababbin ci gaba a fagen fama. wasan kwaikwayo da makada." JS Bach a gare shi shine "dutsen kusurwa" na fasaha na zamani. A cikin Schumann, yana godiya fiye da duk "sautin ɗumi, mai zurfi" na kiɗan. Kuma Grieg ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin memba na makarantar Schumanian. Mai sha'awar raɗaɗi da mafarkin rana yana sa shi alaƙa da kiɗan Jamus. "Duk da haka, mun fi son a bayyane da kuma takaitacciyar magana," in ji Grieg, "har da maganganunmu na magana a sarari kuma daidai ne. Muna ƙoƙari don cimma wannan tsabta da daidaito a cikin fasaharmu. " Ya sami kalmomi masu kyau da yawa don Brahms, kuma ya fara labarinsa don tunawa da Verdi tare da kalmomin: "Mai girma na ƙarshe ya bar...".

Abokan hulɗa na musamman sun haɗa Grieg tare da Tchaikovsky. Sanin su na sirri ya faru ne a cikin 1888 kuma ya zama jin daɗin ƙauna mai zurfi, in ji Tchaikovsky, "ta hanyar alaƙar da ba ta da shakka ta ciki na yanayin kiɗan biyu." "Ina alfahari da cewa na sami abokantakar ku," ya rubuta wa Grieg. Kuma shi, bi da bi, ya yi mafarkin wani taron "duk inda yake: a Rasha, Norway ko wani wuri!" Tchaikovsky ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na girmamawa ga Grieg ta hanyar sadaukar da tunanin Hamlet a gare shi. Ya ba da kwatanci mai ban mamaki game da aikin Grieg a cikin Bayanin Halitta na Tafiya na Ƙasashen waje a cikin 1888.

"A cikin waƙarsa, cike da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, yana nuna kyawawan dabi'ar Norwegian, wani lokaci mai girma da girma, wani lokacin launin toka, mai ladabi, mara kyau, amma ko da yaushe mai ban sha'awa ga ran ɗan arewa, akwai wani abu kusa da mu, masoyi, Nan da nan aka samu a cikin zuciyarmu amsa mai daɗi, mai tausayi… Nawa zafi da sha'awa a cikin kalmominsa masu ban sha'awa, - Tchaikovsky ya ci gaba da rubuta, - nawa mabuɗin bugun rayuwa cikin jituwarsa, nawa asali da kyawawan asali a cikin wayonsa, piquant modulations kuma a cikin kari, kamar kowane abu, ko da yaushe ban sha'awa, sabo, asali! Idan muka ƙara zuwa duk waɗannan halayen da ba a sani ba cikakke sauƙi, baƙon abu ga kowane sophistication da pretensions… to ba abin mamaki bane cewa kowa yana son Grieg, cewa ya shahara a ko'ina! ..."

M. Druskin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

Piano yana aiki kusan 150 kawai Yawancin Ƙananan Pieces (op. 1, buga 1862); 70 kunshe a cikin 10 "Littattafan Littattafai na Lyric" (an buga daga 1870s zuwa 1901) Manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da: Sonata e-moll op. 7 (1865) Ballad a cikin nau'i na bambancin op. 24 (1875)

Don piano hannaye hudu Abubuwan Symphonic op. raye-rayen Norwegian goma sha huɗu op. 35 Waltzes-Caprices (guda biyu) op. 2 Tsohon Norse Romance tare da Bambance-bambancen op. 37 (akwai bugun kade-kade) 50 Mozart sonatas don 4 pianos 2 hannaye (F-dur, c-moll, C-dur, G-dur)

Wakoki da Wakokin Hausa jimlar - tare da buga bayan mutuwa - sama da 140

Kayan aiki na Chamber Violin Sonata na farko a cikin F-dur op. 8 (1866) Violin Sonata G-dur op. 13 (1871) violin sonata na uku a cikin c-moll, op. 45 (1886) Cello sonata a-moll op. 36 (1883) Gishiri quartet g-moll op. 27 (1877-1878)

Symphonic yana aiki "A cikin kaka", overture op. 11 (1865-1866) Piano Concerto a-moll op. 16 (1868) 2 waƙoƙin waƙa (dangane da waƙoƙin kansa) don mawaƙan kirtani, op. 34 "Daga lokacin Holberg", suite (guda 5) don mawaƙan kirtani, op. 40 (1884) 2 suites (jimlar guda 9) daga kiɗa zuwa wasan G. Ibsen “Peer Gynt” op. 46 da 55 (marigayi 80s) waƙa 2 (dangane da waƙoƙin kansa) don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kirtani, op. Guda 53 3 na ƙungiyar makaɗa daga “Sigurd Iorsalfar” op. 56 (1892) 2 waƙoƙin Yaren mutanen Norway don kiɗan kirtani, op. 63 raye-rayen Symphonic zuwa motif na Norwegian, op. 64

Vocal da symphonic ayyuka kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo "A ƙofar gidan sufi" don muryoyin mata - solo da mawaƙa - da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, op. 20 (1870) "Shigowar Gida" don muryoyin maza - solo da mawaƙa - da makaɗa, op. 31 (1872, bugu na 2 - 1881) Kadai don baritone, mawaƙan kirtani da ƙaho biyu op. 32 (1878) Kiɗa don Ibsen's Peer Gynt, op. 23 (1874-1875) "Bergliot" don ayyana tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa op. 42 (1870-1871) Al'amuran daga Olaf Trygvason don mawaƙa, mawaƙa da makaɗa, op. 50 (1889)

Choirs Album don waƙar maza (mawaƙa 12) op. zabura talatin 4 zuwa tsoffin waƙoƙin Yaren mutanen Norway don gauraya ƙungiyar mawaƙa cappella tare da baritone ko bass op. 74 (1906)

Rubutun adabi Daga cikin abubuwan da aka buga sune manyan: "Wagnerian wasanni a Bayreuth" (1876), "Robert Schumann" (1893), "Mozart" (1896), "Verdi" (1901), wani autobiographical muqala "Na farko nasara" (1905). XNUMX)