Tarihin miladiyya: mai karatun addu'a zai amsa kamar chorale

Waƙoƙin Gregorian, waƙar Gregorian… Yawancin mu muna danganta waɗannan kalmomi ta atomatik da Zamani na Tsakiya (kuma daidai). Amma tushen wannan waƙoƙin liturgical ya koma zamanin da, lokacin da al'ummomin Kirista na farko suka bayyana a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Tushen waƙar Gregorian an kafa shi ne a cikin ƙarni na 2 zuwa 6 a ƙarƙashin tasirin tsarin kiɗan na zamanin da (waƙar odic), da kiɗan ƙasashen Gabas (Zabura ta Yahudawa ta dā, kiɗan melismatic na Armenia, Siriya, Masar). ).

Farko kuma kawai shaidar daftarin aiki da ke nuna waƙar Gregorian tabbas ta samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 3. AD Ya shafi rikodi na waƙar Kirista a cikin rubutun Helenanci a bayan rahoton hatsi da aka tattara akan takarda da aka samu a Oxyrhynchus, Masar.

A gaskiya ma, wannan tsarki music samu sunan "Gregorian" daga , wanda m systematized da kuma amince da babban jiki na hukuma waka na Western Church.

Siffofin waƙar Gregorian

Tushen waƙar Gregorian shine jawabin addu'a, taro. Dangane da yadda kalmomi da kiɗa suke hulɗa a cikin waƙoƙin mawaƙa, rarrabuwar waƙoƙin Gregorian sun taso zuwa:

1. sirabi (wannan shi ne lokacin da harafin rubutu ɗaya ya yi daidai da sautin kiɗa ɗaya na waƙar, fahimtar rubutun a bayyane yake);
2. pneumatic (ƙananan waƙoƙi suna bayyana a cikinsu - sau biyu ko uku a kowace harafin rubutu, fahimtar rubutun yana da sauƙi);
3. dabaru (manyan waƙoƙin - adadin sautunan da ba su da iyaka a kowace harafi, rubutun yana da wuyar ganewa).

Gregorian rera waka kanta monodic ne (wato, ainihin murya ɗaya), amma wannan baya nufin cewa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba za ta iya yin waƙar ba. Dangane da nau'in wasan kwaikwayon, an raba waƙa zuwa:

• antiphonal, wanda ƙungiyoyi biyu na mawaƙa ke yin mubayi’a (dukkan zabura ana rera wannan hanya);
• mai amsawalokacin da waƙar solo ke musanya da waƙar waƙa.

Tushen tsarin shigar da waƙar Gregorian ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayi guda 8, wanda ake kira yanayin coci. An bayyana wannan ta gaskiyar cewa a farkon zamanai na tsakiya an yi amfani da sautin diatonic na musamman (amfani da kaifi da fale-falen an ɗauke shi jaraba daga mugu kuma an hana shi na ɗan lokaci).

A tsawon lokaci, ainihin tsayayyen tsarin aikin waƙoƙin Gregorian ya fara rugujewa ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwa da yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaiɗaikun ƙirƙira na mawaƙa, koyaushe ƙoƙarin wuce ƙa'idodi, da bullowar sabbin nau'ikan rubutu don waƙoƙin da suka gabata. Wannan tsari na musamman na kaɗe-kaɗe da wakoki na abubuwan ƙirƙira a baya ana kiransa trope.

Gregorian song da ci gaban notation

Da farko, an rubuta waƙoƙi ba tare da rubutu ba a cikin abin da ake kira tonars - wani abu kamar umarni ga mawaƙa - kuma a hankali, littattafan waƙa.

An fara daga karni na 10, cikakkun litattafan waƙa sun bayyana, an yi rikodin su ta amfani da marasa layi rashin tsaka tsaki bayanin kula. Neumas gumaka ne na musamman, squiggles, waɗanda aka sanya sama da rubutun don sauƙaƙe rayuwar mawaƙa ko ta yaya. Yin amfani da waɗannan gumaka, ya kamata mawaƙa su iya hasashen abin da motsin waƙa na gaba zai kasance.

Zuwa karni na 12, ya yadu alamar murabba'i mai mizani, wanda a ma'ana ya kammala tsarin rashin tsaka-tsaki. Babban nasararsa za a iya kiransa da tsarin rhythmic - yanzu mawaƙa ba za su iya yin hasashen alkiblar motsin waƙar ba kawai, amma kuma sun san ainihin tsawon lokacin da ya kamata a kiyaye takamaiman bayanin.

Muhimmancin waƙar Gregorian ga kiɗan Turai

Gregorian rera waka ya zama ginshiƙi na fitowar sababbin nau'o'in kiɗa na duniya a ƙarshen zamanai na tsakiya da kuma Renaissance, yana fitowa daga organum (ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in sauti biyu na tsakiya) zuwa ga yawan albarkatu na babban Renaissance.

Waƙar Gregorian ta ƙayyadad da jigo (na waƙa) da haɓakawa (nau'in rubutun an tsara shi akan nau'in aikin kiɗa) tushen kiɗan Baroque. Wannan hakika fili ne mai albarka wanda harbe-harbe na dukkan nau'ikan Turawa na gaba - a cikin ma'anar kalmar - al'adun kiɗa sun toro.

Dangantaka tsakanin kalmomi da kiɗa

Ya mutu Irae (Ranar Fushi) - shahararren chorale na tsakiyar zamanai

Tarihin waƙar Gregorian yana da alaƙa da tarihin cocin Kirista. Ayyukan liturgical bisa zabura, waƙar melismatic, waƙoƙin yabo da jama'a an riga an bambanta su ta cikin gida ta hanyar bambancin nau'in, wanda ya ba wa waƙoƙin Gregorian damar rayuwa har zuwa yau.

Har ila yau, waƙoƙin waƙar sun nuna sha'awar kirista na farko (waƙar zabura mai sauƙi a cikin al'ummomin Ikklisiya na farko) tare da jaddada kalmomi fiye da waƙa.

Lokaci ya haifar da yin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi, lokacin da aka haɗa rubutun waƙar addu'a cikin jituwa tare da waƙar kiɗa (wani nau'in sulhu tsakanin kalmomi da kiɗa). Fitowar waƙoƙin melismatic - musamman jubilies a ƙarshen hallelujah - ya nuna fifiko na ƙarshe na jituwa na kiɗa akan kalmar kuma a lokaci guda yana nuna kafuwar rinjaye na Kiristanci na ƙarshe a Turai.

Gregorian song da wasan kwaikwayo na liturgical

Kiɗa na Gregorian ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Waƙoƙin kan jigogin Littafi Mai Tsarki da bishara sun haifar da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Wadannan asirin kade-kade a hankali, a lokutan bukukuwan coci, sun bar ganuwar manyan cathedrals kuma sun shiga cikin murabba'in birane da ƙauyuka na zamanin da.

Kasancewar haɗin kai da nau'ikan al'adun gargajiya na al'ada (wasan kwaikwayo na wasan motsa jiki na wasan motsa jiki, 'yan wasan motsa jiki, mawaƙa, masu ba da labari, 'yan wasan juggles, masu yawo da igiya, masu hadiye wuta, da sauransu), wasan kwaikwayo na liturgical ya kafa harsashin duk nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na gaba.

Shahararrun labaran wasan kwaikwayo na liturgical su ne labaran bishara game da bautar makiyaya da zuwan masu hikima da kyaututtuka ga jariri Kristi, game da zaluncin sarki Hirudus, wanda ya ba da umarnin halaka dukan jariran Baitalami, kuma labarin tashin Almasihu daga matattu.

Tare da sakinsa ga "mutane," wasan kwaikwayo na liturgical ya tashi daga Latin na wajibi zuwa harsunan ƙasa, wanda ya sa ya fi shahara. Shugabannin coci sun riga sun fahimci cewa fasaha ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta tallace-tallace, wanda aka bayyana a cikin sharuddan zamani, mai iya jawo mafi girman sassan jama'a zuwa haikalin.

Gregorian rera waka, wanda ya ba da yawa ga zamani wasan kwaikwayo da kuma al'adun kade-kade, duk da haka, bai rasa kome ba, har abada zama wani sabon abu da ba a rarraba, wani musamman kira na addini, imani, kida da sauran nau'o'in fasaha. Kuma har yau yana burge mu da daskarewar jituwa na sararin samaniya da ra’ayin duniya, wanda aka jefa a cikin mawaƙa.