Charles Auguste de Bériot |

Charles Auguste de Beriot

Har zuwa kwanan nan, Makarantar Violin ta Berio ita ce watakila littafin da aka fi sani ga masu fara wasan violin, kuma wani lokaci wasu malamai ke amfani da shi har ma a yau. Har yanzu, ɗaliban makarantun kiɗa suna wasa abubuwan ban sha'awa, bambance-bambancen, wasan kide-kide na Berio. M da farin ciki da kuma "violin" da aka rubuta, su ne mafi godiyar kayan ilmantarwa. Berio ba babban dan wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, amma ya kasance babban malami, mai nisa kafin lokacinsa a ra'ayinsa game da koyarwar kiɗa. Ba tare da dalili ba a cikin ɗalibansa akwai irin waɗannan 'yan wasan violin kamar Henri Vietan, Joseph Walter, Johann Christian Lauterbach, Jesus Monastero. Vietang ya bauta wa malaminsa duk rayuwarsa.

Amma ba wai kawai sakamakon ayyukan iliminsa na sirri ba ana tattaunawa. An yi la'akari da Berio a matsayin shugaban makarantar violin na Belgium na karni na XNUMX, wanda ya ba duniya irin shahararrun masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Artaud, Guis, Vietanne, Leonard, Emile Servais, Eugene Ysaye.

Berio ya fito ne daga tsohon dangi mai daraja. An haife shi a Leuven a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1802 kuma ya rasa iyaye biyu tun yana ƙuruciya. Abin farin ciki, iyawarsa na ban mamaki ya ja hankalin wasu. Malamin kiɗa Tibi ya shiga cikin horon farko na ƙaramin Charles. Berio yayi karatu sosai kuma yana da shekaru 9 ya fara bayyanar da jama'a, yana wasa ɗaya daga cikin kide kide da wake-wake na Viotti.

Ci gaban ruhaniya na Berio ya sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar ka'idodin farfesa na harshen Faransanci da wallafe-wallafen, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Jacotot, wanda ya haɓaka hanyar ilmantarwa ta "duniya" bisa ka'idodin ilmantarwa da kuma tsarin ruhaniya. Da yake sha'awar hanyarsa, Berio ya yi karatu da kansa har zuwa shekaru 19. A farkon 1821, ya tafi Paris zuwa Viotti, wanda a lokacin ya zama darektan Grand Opera. Viotti ya yi wa matashin ɗan wasan violin da kyau kuma, bisa shawararsa, Berio ya fara halartar azuzuwan a cikin ajin Bayo, babban farfesa a Conservatory na Paris a wancan lokacin. Matashin bai rasa darasi ko daya na Bayo ba, ya yi nazari sosai kan hanyoyin koyarwarsa, yana gwada su a kansa. Bayan Bayo, ya yi karatu na dan lokaci tare da Belgium Andre Robberecht, kuma wannan shi ne karshen karatunsa.

Ayyukan farko na Berio a Paris ya kawo masa farin jini sosai. Wasansa na asali, mai laushi, mai laushi ya shahara sosai a wurin jama'a, kasancewar ya dace da sabon yanayi na son zuciya da ya mamaye Parisiyawa bayan manyan shekaru na juyin juya hali da yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon. Nasarar a Paris ta haifar da gaskiyar cewa Berio ya sami gayyatar zuwa Ingila. Yawon shakatawa ya yi babban nasara. Bayan ya koma ƙasarsa, sarkin Netherland ya naɗa wa kotu Berio soloist-violinist tare da albashi mai ban sha'awa na florin 2000 a shekara.

Juyin juya hali na 1830 ya kawo ƙarshen hidimar kotu kuma ya koma matsayinsa na farko na violinist. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1829. Berio ya zo Paris don nuna ƙaramin ɗalibinsa - Henri Vietana. Anan, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin salon gyara gashi na Paris, ya sadu da matarsa ​​ta gaba, sanannen mawaƙin opera Maria Malibran-Garcia.

Labarin soyayyarsu yana da ban tausayi. 'Yar babbar 'yar fitaccen dan wasa Garcia, an haifi Maria ne a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1808. Mai hazaka, ta koyi hada-hada da piano daga Herold tun tana yarinya, tana iya yaruka hudu, kuma ta koyi rera waka daga wurin mahaifinta. A cikin 1824, ta fara halarta a London, inda ta yi wasan kwaikwayo kuma, ta koyi sashin Rosina a Barber na Seville a cikin kwanaki 2, ta maye gurbin Taliya mara lafiya. A cikin 1826, ba tare da burin mahaifinta ba, ta auri ɗan kasuwa Faransa Malibran. Aure ya juya ya zama m da kuma yarinya, barin mijinta, tafi zuwa Paris, inda a 1828 ta kai matsayi na farko soloist na Grand Opera. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na Paris, ta sadu da Berio. Matashi, ɗan ƙasar Belgium mai kyau ya yi tasiri ga ɗan Sipaniya mai ɗaci. Da yanayin faduwarta, ta furta masa soyayyarta. Amma soyayyarsu ta haifar da jita-jita mara iyaka, la'antar duniya "mafi girma". Bayan sun tashi daga Paris, sun tafi Italiya.

An kashe rayuwarsu a ci gaba da tafiye-tafiye na shagali. A cikin 1833 sun haifi ɗa, Charles Wilfred Berio, daga baya fitaccen ɗan wasan pian ne kuma mawaki. Shekaru da dama, Malibran ta dage tana neman saki daga mijinta. Duk da haka, ta gudanar da 'yantar da kanta daga aure kawai a 1836, wato, bayan 6 m shekaru a matsayin farka. Nan da nan bayan kisan aure ta bikin aure zuwa Berio ya faru a Paris, inda kawai Lablache da Thalberg kasance.

Mariya tayi murna. Ta sa hannu da murna da sabon sunanta. Duk da haka, kaddara ba ta da tausayi ga ma'auratan Berio a nan ma. Mariya mai son hawan doki, ta fado daga kan dokinta a lokacin daya daga cikin tafiyar kuma ta sami bugun kai da karfi. Ta boye wa mijinta abin da ya faru, ba ta dauki magani ba, kuma cutar da sauri ta tashi, ta kai ta ga mutuwa. Ta rasu tana da shekara 28 kacal! Girgizawa da mutuwar matarsa, Berio ya kasance a cikin matsananciyar damuwa ta hankali har zuwa 1840. Ya kusan daina ba da kide-kide kuma ya shiga cikin kansa. Hasali ma, bai samu cikakkiyar lafiya daga bugun da aka yi masa ba.

A cikin 1840 ya yi babban yawon shakatawa na Jamus da Ostiriya. A Berlin, ya sadu kuma ya kunna kiɗa tare da shahararren ɗan wasan violin na Rasha AF Lvov. Lokacin da ya koma ƙasarsa, an gayyace shi ya ɗauki matsayin farfesa a Brussels Conservatory. Berio ya amince da sauri.

A cikin farkon 50s, wani sabon bala'i ya fada masa - ciwon ido na ci gaba. A 1852, an tilasta masa yin ritaya daga aiki. Shekaru 10 kafin mutuwarsa, Berio ya zama makaho. A cikin Oktoba 1859, riga rabin makafi, ya zo St. Petersburg zuwa Prince Nikolai Borisovich Yusupov (1827-1891). Yusupov - dan wasan violin kuma mai son kiɗa mai haske, ɗalibin Vieuxtan - ya gayyace shi ya ɗauki matsayin babban jagoran ɗakin sujada. A cikin sabis na Prince Berio zauna daga Oktoba 1859 zuwa Mayu 1860.

Bayan Rasha, Berio ya zauna yafi a Brussels, inda ya mutu Afrilu 10, 1870.

Ayyukan Berio da ƙirƙira sun haɗu tare da al'adun makarantar gargajiya ta violin na Viotti - Baio. Amma ya ba wa waɗannan hadisai hali na son zuciya. Dangane da hazaka, Berio ya kasance baƙon abu daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan romanticism na Paganini da kuma "zurfin" romanticism na Spohr. Waƙoƙin Berio suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙaya mai laushi da azanci, da guntu mai sauri – gyarawa da alheri. An bambanta rubutun ayyukansa ta hanyar haske mai haske, lacy, filigree figuration. Gabaɗaya, kiɗan sa yana da taɓawa na salon salon kuma ba shi da zurfi.

Mun sami kima mai kisa na kiɗansa a cikin V. Odoevsky: "Mene ne bambancin Mista Berio, Mista Kallivoda da tutti qunti? “A ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata a kasar Faransa, an kirkiro wata na’ura, mai suna componuuum, wadda ita kanta ta hada bambance-bambance a kowane jigo. Marubuta a yau suna kwaikwayon wannan na'ura. Da farko za ku ji gabatarwa, irin na tilawa; sa'an nan motif, sa'an nan uku, sa'an nan da biyu alaka bayanin kula, sa'an nan da makawa staccato tare da makawa pizzicato, sa'an nan da adagio, kuma a karshe, don zaton yardar jama'a - rawa da kuma ko da yaushe iri daya a ko'ina!

Mutum na iya shiga cikin siffa ta alama ta salon Berio, wanda Vsevolod Cheshikhin ya taɓa ba wa Concerto na Bakwai: “Concerto na Bakwai. ba a bambanta da zurfin musamman, ɗan ƙaramin hankali, amma yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da tasiri sosai. Berio's muse … wajen kama Cecilia Carlo Dolce, mafi ƙaunataccen zanen Dresden Gallery ta mata, wannan gidan kayan gargajiya tare da ban sha'awa pallor na zamani sentimentalist, m, m brunette da bakin ciki yatsunsu da coquettishly runtse idanu.

A matsayinsa na mawaki, Berio ya yi fice sosai. Ya rubuta 10 violin concertos, 12 Arias tare da bambance-bambancen, 6 littafin rubutu na violin karatu, da yawa salon sassa, 49 m concert duets na piano da violin, mafi yawansu an hada da haɗin gwiwar tare da mafi mashahuri pianists - Hertz, Thalberg, Osborne, Benedict. , Wolf. Wani nau'in nau'in kide-kide ne wanda ya dogara da nau'in virtuoso.

Berio yana da abubuwan ƙirƙira akan jigogi na Rasha, misali, Fantasia don waƙar A. Dargomyzhsky “Darling Maiden” Op. 115, sadaukarwa ga dan wasan violin na Rasha I. Semenov. Zuwa sama, dole ne mu ƙara Makarantar Violin a sassa 3 tare da kari "Makarantar Transcendental" (Ecole transendante du violon), wanda ya ƙunshi 60 etudes. Makarantar Berio ta bayyana muhimman abubuwan da ya shafi koyarwarsa. Ya nuna mahimmancin da ya ba wa ci gaban kiɗa na ɗalibin. A matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar haɓakawa, marubucin ya ba da shawarar solfegging - waƙar waƙoƙi ta kunne. "Watsalolin da nazarin violin ke bayarwa a farkon," in ji shi, "an rage a wani ɓangare na ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun solfeggio. Ba tare da wata wahala ba a karatun kiɗa, zai iya mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin sa kawai da sarrafa motsin yatsunsa da ruku'i ba tare da ƙoƙari sosai ba.

A cewar Berio, solfegging, ban da haka, yana taimakawa aikin ta yadda mutum ya fara jin abin da ido ya gani, kuma ido ya fara ganin abin da kunne ke ji. Ta hanyar sake maimaita waƙar da muryarsa da rubuta ta, ɗalibin yana haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwarsa, yana sa shi riƙe duk inuwar waƙar, lafuzzansa da launi. Tabbas, Makarantar Berio ta tsufa. Tushen hanyar koyarwa ta saurare, wanda shine ci gaba na tsarin koyar da kiɗa na zamani, yana da kima a cikinsa.

Berio yana da ƙarami, amma cike da sautin kyau wanda ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba. Mawaƙin waƙa ne, mawaƙin violin. Heine ya rubuta a wata wasiƙa daga Paris a shekara ta 1841: “Wani lokaci ba zan iya kawar da ra’ayin cewa ran marigayiyar matarsa ​​yana cikin violin na Berio kuma tana rera waƙa. Ernst, mawaƙin Bohemian ne kaɗai, zai iya fitar da irin waɗannan sautuna masu taushi, masu daɗi daga kayan aikinsa.

L. Rabin