Wajibi, wajibci |
ita., daga lat. wajibi - wajibi, ba makawa
1) Sashe na kayan aiki a cikin kiɗa. aikin, wanda ba za a iya tsallakewa ba kuma dole ne a yi shi ba tare da gazawa ba. Ana amfani da kalmar tare da zayyana kayan aikin, wanda yake nufin ƙungiyar; alal misali, violin obligato wani sashi ne na wajibi na violin, da sauransu. A cikin wani samarwa wani lokaci yana faruwa. jam'iyyun "wajibi". O. sassa na iya bambanta a cikin ma'anar su - daga mahimmanci, amma har yanzu an haɗa su a cikin rakiyar, da kuma solo, ba da kide-kide tare da babban. bangare na solo. A 18 da farkon. Karni na 19 sonatas don kayan aikin solo tare da rakiyar piano. (clavichord, harpsichord) galibi ana sanya su azaman sonatas na piano. da sauransu tare da rakiyar kayan aikin O. (misali, violin O.). Sassan kiɗan solo na O., masu sauti a cikin duet, tercet, da sauransu, sun fi kowa. daga main solo part. A cikin operas, oratorios, cantatas na ƙarni na 17-18. sau da yawa akwai aria, da kuma wani lokacin duets na murya (muryoyi), concert kayan aiki (kayan aiki) O. da makada. Yawancin irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna ƙunshe, alal misali, a cikin Mass na Bach a cikin ƙarami. Kalmar "O." saba wa kalmar ad libitum; a baya, duk da haka, an yi amfani da shi cikin kuskure ta wannan ma'anar ma. Saboda haka, a lokacin da yin tsoho muses. yana aiki, koyaushe ya zama dole a yanke shawara a wace ma'anar kalmar "O." ana amfani da su a cikin su.
2) A hade tare da kalmar "accompaniment" ("O's accompaniment", Italian l'accompagnamento obligato, Jamus wajabta Akkompagnement), da bambanci da general bass, da cikakken rubuta rashi zuwa cl. music prod. Wannan ya shafi da farko ga ɓangaren clavier a cikin samarwa. don solo kayan aiki ko murya da clavier, kazalika da rakiyar babba. karin waƙa zuwa "raka" muryoyin a cikin ɗaki da kuma orc. kasidu. A cikin solo yana aiki don kirtani. kayan aiki na maɓalli ko gabo, ɗaki da orc. A cikin kiɗa, rarrabuwar muryoyin zuwa "babban" da "raka" a kan sikelin duk samarwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya zama ba zai yiwu ba: koda kuwa babban waƙar ya ba da kansa ga ware, yana wucewa daga murya zuwa murya kullum. , zuwa chamber da Orc. kiɗa - daga kayan aiki zuwa kayan aiki; a cikin sassan ci gaba, ana rarraba waƙar sau da yawa tsakanin decomp. muryoyi ko kayan kida "a cikin sassa". Rakiya O. ci gaba a cikin aikin masu kafa na Viennese classic. Makarantun WA Mozart da J. Haydn. Fitowar sa yana da alaƙa da haɓaka mahimmancin rakiya a cikin kiɗa. prod., tare da karin waƙa. da kuma polyphonic. jikewa, tare da haɓaka 'yancin kai na kowane muryoyinsa, gabaɗaya - tare da keɓantawar sa. A cikin filin waƙa, raka na O. a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na gaba ɗaya, wani lokaci ba kasa da darajar wok ba. jam'iyyun da F. Schubert, R. Schumann, X. Wolf suka kirkira. Al'adun da suka shimfida a wannan yanki suna riƙe da mahimmancinsu a cikin kiɗan kiɗa, kodayake ainihin kalmar "rakin O." daga amfani. A cikin kiɗan atonal, incl. dodecaphone, wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar daidaito na duk muryoyin, ainihin manufar "haɗin gwiwa" ya rasa tsohuwar ma'anarsa.
3) A cikin tsohon polyphonic. O. kiɗa (misali, сon-trapunto obligato, canon obligato, da dai sauransu) na nufin sassan da marubucin, yana cika wajibcinsa (saboda haka abin da aka ba da ma'anar kalmar), yana bin ƙa'idodi don ƙirƙirar ma'anoni. polyphonic form (counterpoint, canon, da dai sauransu).
