Mafi yawan nau'o'in ayyukan kiɗa

Wataƙila kun taɓa samun irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin falsafa kamar tsari da abun ciki. Waɗannan kalmomi sun isa duniya don nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan mamaki iri-iri. Kuma kida ba togiya. A cikin wannan labarin za ku sami bayyani na shahararrun nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa.

Kafin yin suna na gama-gari na ayyukan kiɗa, bari mu ayyana menene nau'i a cikin kiɗa? Form wani abu ne da ke da alaƙa da ƙirar aiki, da ka'idodin tsarinsa, da jerin kayan kiɗan da ke cikinsa.

Mawaƙa suna fahimtar tsari ta hanyoyi biyu. A gefe ɗaya, fom ɗin yana wakiltar tsari na duk sassan kayan kiɗan a cikin tsari. A gefe guda, sifa ba kawai zane ba ne, har ma da samuwar da haɓakawa a cikin aikin waɗancan hanyoyin bayyanawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira hoton fasaha na aikin da aka bayar. Wadanne irin ma'ana ne waɗannan? Melody, jituwa, rhythm, timbre, rijista da sauransu. Tabbatar da irin wannan fahimtar sau biyu na ainihin nau'in kiɗa shine cancantar masanin kimiyyar Rasha, masanin ilimi da mawaki Boris Asafiev.

Siffofin ayyukan kiɗa

Ƙananan raka'a na tsarin kusan kowane aikin kiɗa sune. Yanzu bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu ambaci manyan nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa da ba su taƙaitaccen halaye.

Period - wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu sauƙi wanda ke wakiltar gabatar da cikakken tunanin kiɗa. Yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki da na murya.

Ma'auni na tsawon lokaci shine jimlolin kiɗa guda biyu waɗanda suka mamaye sanduna 8 ko 16 (lokacin murabba'i), a aikace akwai lokuta duka tsayi da gajere. Lokacin yana da nau'o'i da yawa, daga cikinsu waɗanda ake kira waɗanda suka mamaye wuri na musamman.

Sauƙaƙan siffofi biyu- da uku - wadannan su ne siffofin da kashi na farko, a matsayin ka'ida, an rubuta su a cikin nau'i na zamani, sauran kuma ba su girma ba (wato, al'ada a gare su ko dai lokaci ne ko jimla).

Tsakiyar (tsakiyar sashi) na nau'i mai kashi uku na iya bambanta dangane da ɓangarorin waje (nuna hoton da ya bambanta ya riga ya zama fasaha mai mahimmanci na fasaha), ko kuma yana iya haɓaka, haɓaka abin da aka faɗa a kashi na farko. A cikin kashi na uku na nau'i-nau'i uku, yana yiwuwa a sake maimaita kayan kiɗa na kashi na farko - ana kiran wannan nau'i na reprise (ramuwa shine maimaitawa).

Siffofin aya da mawaƙa – wadannan sifofi ne da ke da alaka kai tsaye da kidan murya kuma tsarinsu yakan hade da halayen rubutun wakoki da ke karkashin wakar.

Sigar ayar ta dogara ne akan maimaita waƙa ɗaya (misali, lokaci), amma tare da sabbin waƙoƙi kowane lokaci. A cikin tsarin mawakan gubar akwai abubuwa guda biyu: na farko shi ne gubar (waƙar waƙa da nassi na iya canzawa), na biyu kuma ita ce ƙungiyar mawaƙa (a ƙa'ida, duka waƙa da nassi duka suna cikin sa).

Complex kashi biyu da hadaddun siffofin sassa uku - Waɗannan su ne siffofin da suka ƙunshi nau'i biyu ko uku masu sauƙi (misali, lokaci mai sauƙi 3-ɓangare + lokaci mai sauƙi 3). Siffofin sassa biyu masu rikitarwa sun fi zama ruwan dare a cikin kiɗan murya (misali, ana rubuta wasu opera aria a cikin irin waɗannan nau'ikan), yayin da hadaddun nau'ikan nau'ikan sassa uku, akasin haka, sun fi kama da kiɗan kayan aiki (wannan sigar da aka fi so ga minuet da sauran raye-raye).

Siffar nau'i mai mahimmanci guda uku, kamar mai sauƙi, zai iya ƙunsar ramuwa, kuma a tsakiyar ɓangaren - sabon abu (mafi yawan lokuta wannan shine abin da ya faru), kuma tsakiya a cikin wannan nau'i na nau'i biyu ne: (idan yana wakiltar. wani nau'i na siriri mai sauƙi) ko (idan a tsakiyar ɓangaren akwai gine-gine na kyauta waɗanda ba sa biyayya ko dai na lokaci-lokaci ko kowane nau'i mai sauƙi).

Siffar bambancin – wannan sifa ce da aka gina akan maimaita ainihin jigon tare da sauye-sauyensa, kuma dole ne a sami aƙalla biyu daga cikin waɗannan maimaitawa domin sakamakon aikin kiɗan ya zama mai bambanta. Ana samun nau'in bambance-bambancen a cikin ayyukan kayan aiki da yawa ta mawakan kiɗa na gargajiya, kuma ba ƙasa da sau da yawa a cikin abubuwan marubuta na zamani.

Akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban. Misali, akwai irin wannan nau'in bambance-bambance a matsayin bambance-bambancen akan ostinato (wato, wanda ba a canzawa, wanda aka riƙe) jigo a cikin waƙa ko bass (abin da ake kira). Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin abin da, tare da kowane sabon aiwatarwa, jigon yana da launin launi tare da kayan ado daban-daban kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa, yana nuna ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun sa.

Akwai wani nau'in bambancin - wanda kowane sabon aiwatar da jigon yana faruwa a cikin sabon salo. Wani lokaci waɗannan sauye-sauye zuwa sababbin nau'o'in suna canza jigon sosai - kawai yi tunanin, jigon zai iya yin sauti a cikin aiki iri ɗaya kamar tafiyar jana'izar, raye-raye na rairayi, da yabo mai ban sha'awa. Af, za ka iya karanta wani abu game da nau'o'i a cikin labarin "Main Music Genres."

A matsayin misali na kiɗa na bambance-bambance, muna gayyatar ku don sanin wani sanannen aiki na babban Beethoven.

L. van Beethoven, 32 bambancin a cikin ƙananan C

Qira'ar - wani nau'i mai yaduwa na ayyukan kiɗa. Wataƙila ka san cewa kalmar da aka fassara zuwa Rashanci daga Faransanci ita ce . Wannan ba daidaituwa ba ne. A wani lokaci, rondo wani raye-raye ne na zagaye na rukuni, wanda a cikinta ake musanya nishadi da raye-rayen raye-rayen mawakan solo - a irin wannan lokacin sun shiga tsakiyar da'irar kuma suna nuna kwarewarsu.

Don haka, dangane da kiɗa, rondo ya ƙunshi sassa waɗanda akai-akai akai-akai (na gabaɗaya - ana kiran su) da kuma jigogi guda ɗaya waɗanda ke sauti tsakanin tsawaitawa. Domin tsarin rondo ya faru, dole ne a maimaita dakatarwar aƙalla sau uku.

Tsarin Sonata, don haka mun isa gare ku! Siffar sonata, ko, kamar yadda ake kiranta wani lokaci, sifar sonata allegro, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kamala da sarƙaƙƙiya nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa.

Siffar sonata ta dogara ne akan jigogi guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu ana kiransa (wanda ke fara sauti), na biyu -. Waɗannan sunaye suna nufin ɗayan jigogin yana cikin babban maɓalli, na biyu kuma a maɓalli na biyu (mafi rinjaye, misali, ko a layi daya). Tare, waɗannan jigogi suna yin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban a cikin haɓakawa, sannan a cikin ramawa, yawanci duka biyun ana ƙara su cikin maɓalli ɗaya.

Sigar sonata ta ƙunshi manyan sassa uku:

• bayyanawa (gabatar da na farko, na biyu da sauran batutuwa ga jama'a);
• ci gaba (matakin da ci gaba mai zurfi ke faruwa);
• mayar da martani (a nan ana maimaita jigogin da aka gabatar a cikin nunin, kuma a lokaci guda haɗuwarsu tana faruwa).

Mawaƙa sun ƙaunaci nau'in sonata sosai cewa a kan tushensa sun ƙirƙiri nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan mawaƙan mawaƙa ne. Alal misali, za mu iya suna irin wannan nau'in nau'in sonata kamar (hada nau'in sonata da rondo), (tuna da abin da suka ce game da wani labari a cikin tsari mai sassa uku? (tare da bayyanawa sau biyu - ga mawaƙa da kuma a ƙungiyar makaɗa, tare da virtuoso cadenza na soloist a ƙarshen ci gaba kafin fara mayar da martani), (ƙananan sonata), (babban zane).

Fugu - wannan shine sigar da ta kasance sarauniyar kowane nau'i. A wani lokaci, an dauki fugue a matsayin mafi kyawun nau'in kiɗa, kuma har yanzu mawaƙa suna da hali na musamman game da fugues.

An gina fugue akan jigo ɗaya, wanda kuma ana maimaita shi sau da yawa a cikin wani nau'i marar canzawa a cikin muryoyi daban-daban (tare da kayan aiki daban-daban). Fugue ya fara, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin murya ɗaya kuma nan da nan tare da jigon. Wata murya ta amsa wannan batu nan da nan, kuma abin da ke sauti yayin wannan amsa daga kayan aikin farko ana kiransa counter-adition.

Yayin da jigon ya zagaya ta hanyar muryoyi daban-daban, sashin bayyani na fugue ya ci gaba, amma da zarar jigon ya ratsa cikin kowace murya, ci gaba zai fara wanda ba za a iya bibiyar jigon ba, matsawa, ko kuma, akasin haka, fadada shi. Haka ne, abubuwa da yawa suna faruwa a cikin ci gaba… A ƙarshen fugue, an dawo da babban tonality - wannan sashe ana kiransa reprise na fugue.

Za mu iya tsayawa a can yanzu. Mun ba da suna kusan dukkanin manyan nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa mafi hadaddun siffofin na iya ƙunsar da yawa masu sauƙi - koyi gano su. Da kuma sau da yawa duka nau'i mai sauƙi da hadaddun an haɗa su cikin nau'i daban-daban – alal misali, tare suke yi.