Wakar kida |

Wasan kida – jama'a, biya aikin kiɗa bisa ga shirin da aka riga aka sanar, ta ɗaya ko fiye da mawaƙa a cikin daki na musamman. Amincewa a cikin karni na 18. TO. a matsayin siffofin al'umma. Kiɗa ya kasance saboda girman tsaunuka. bourgeois-demokraɗiyya arts. al'ada. Haɓaka sha'awar jama'a a cikin instr. kiɗa, wanda har zuwa lokacin ya ba da wariya. fifiko ga opera, ya haifar da samuwar sabbin masu sauraron kide-kide, wanda yanayin wasan kwaikwayo ya sauƙaƙe. wasan kwaikwayo na waɗannan shekarun - a cikin tsaka-tsakin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. wasanni sun kasance instr. virtuosos (irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya rayu har zuwa 80s. Karni na 19), da kuma tsakanin majami'u guda daya. ayyuka, wa'azi (sau da yawa a cikin Zap. Turai). Famawa da waƙar duniya. al'ada, cocin da aka yi amfani da su tun karni na 17. tare da organ and choir skr. kiɗa, ƙirƙirar nau'in conc. a lokacin hidimar addini. saitin. Violin a matsayin solo kayan aiki da skr. Ƙungiyar ta mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin zane na Katolika. talakawa, sakamakon wanda a cikin Italiyanci. kidan kayan aiki da aka ɓullo da musamman. nau'in ƙanƙara da tsari, yana samar da ainihin yanayin (coci. sonata, concerto grosso). Duk cikin karni na 17 kuma kusan dukkanin karni na 18. ga adjectives rayuwa, aristocratic salons, tartsatsi a wancan lokacin academies, collegium musicum shi ne Ch. ar. yawanci abin da ake kira rufaffiyar kiɗan. TO. an tsara shi don iyakance. da'irar mutane musamman gayyata. VC. mawakan da suke hidimar wani ko wani majiɓinci mai daraja na fasaha, waɗanda sau da yawa suna da nasu kayan kida, yawanci suna shiga. da mawaka. chapels (ba masu sauraro kyauta). Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na masu sauraro da ƙananan wuraren da aka zaɓa sun ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin irin waɗannan kide-kide, waɗanda galibi suna ɗauke da halayen yin kida na ɗakin taro. Tare da wannan, a cikin karni na 18. akwai wani nau'i na K. – wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a na biyan kuɗi na mawaƙa, wanda aka tsara don faɗaɗa, dimokuradiyya. masu sauraro. Buɗewar farko ta biya K. An shirya shi a London a cikin 1672-78 ta violinist J. Banister a nasa. gida; an bai wa masu sauraro damar zabar shirin. A cikin 1678-1714 sanannen mai shirya K. a London T. Britton. A cikin 1690-93 a nan K. ya shirya ta R. Sarki hadin gwiwa. tare da shi. opera dan kasuwa I. AT. Frank, kuma a cikin nasa conc. zaure A lokacin, biyan kuɗi K. kuma K. ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. A cikin 1765-82, katunan biyan kuɗi sun shahara a London; KUMA. TO. Bach hadin gwiwa. da K. F. Habila, biyan kuɗi K., osn. marubuci I. AP Zolomon (a gare su Y. Haydn ya rubuta abin da ake kira. London Symphonies). A Faransa, akwai "Ruhaniya Concerts" (1725-91), osn. comp. F. A. Philidor; a cikinsu, tare da kade-kade na addini, an kuma yi kayan kida na zamani. ensembles, symphonies, solo op. Bi misalin su, kama da K. An shirya a Leipzig, Vienna, Stockholm. Da doki. 18 a cikin. abin da ake kira. makarantun ilimi – haƙƙin mallaka K., lokacin da mawaƙin ya yi nasa aikin. Kiss (AT. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven da sauransu). A Rasha, an gudanar da kide-kide na jama'a na farko a cikin 40s. 18 a cikin. Petersburg, inda a cikin 70s. suna samun tsari bisa tsari. hali (a cikin Moscow - a cikin 80s). Koyaya, kawai bayan Babban Faransanci. A lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci, an amince da tsarin fim na jama'a, wanda aka rigaya ya biya, tare da shirin da aka riga aka shirya wanda ya dace da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da aka samu a cikin al'umma. Wani sabon nau'in mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, "concert" virtuoso, ana kafa shi; nau'in wasan kwaikwayonsa na jama'a, solo k., ana aiwatar da shi; nau'in shirin da aka yi a cikin k. soloist tare da rakiyar piano Koyaya, a cikin rabi na 1st. 19 a cikin. Mix tsarin na K. soloist - virtuoso instrumentalist ko mawaƙa, wanda ƙungiyar makaɗa ta shiga, da dai sauransu. masu yin (misali. Mr. rakiyar). Wannan nau'i ya kasance tsaka-tsaki daga aikin soloist a cikin coci tsakanin sassan taro, oratori, ko a cikin t-re, a lokacin tsaka-tsakin wasan kwaikwayo. wakilci, ga mai zaman kansa K. - jagoran piano-violin-bendum (Jamus. piano-violin-wakokin- maraice). Komawa a ƙarshen 30s. 19 a cikin. hatta N. Paganini ya yi a cikin tawagar. Kawai a cikin 40s. F. Liszt ita ce ta fara ba da solo K., ba tare da halartar wasu ba. masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Girman kiɗan. art-va da yin al'adu, yaduwar K., ci gaban muses. alakar da ke tsakanin kasashen ta ba da gudummawa wajen bullowar sabbin ‘yan jari hujja. siffofin kungiya conc. rayuwa. A cikin 1880 a Berlin G. Wolf ya kafa conc na farko. wata hukumar da ta fara tsara wasan kwaikwayo ta masu fasaha kan wasu yanayi na kayan aiki. Wannan ya nuna farkon conc na zamani. "masana'antu", wanda ya sami ci gaba musamman a Amurka, inda akwai adadi mai yawa na conc. hukumomi, impresario da manajoji shirya K., yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. artists. Duk cikin karni na 19 TO. (symphonic, chamber, solo) suna zama mafi tartsatsi, wanda aikin Dec. irin ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da suka wanzu a duk manyan Turai. cibiyoyin al'adu. Na 19 in. Babban shaharar da aka samu ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na dindindin. TO. Society of Concerts na Paris Conservatoire (main. a 1828), K. Leipzig Gewandhaus, Vienna (babban. a 1842) da kuma Berlin (main. a 1882) philharmonic. ƙungiyar makaɗa, Lamoureux Concerts a Paris (babban. a cikin 1881), Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na London, da dai sauransu; a cikin karni na 20 - K. Boston (main. a 1881) da kuma Philadelphia (main. a cikin 1900) ƙungiyar makaɗa, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta BBC (London), ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Paris, da sauransu. A cikin rabi na 2. 20 a cikin. Ana amfani da alamomi ko'ina. da shagalin kide-kide da aka shirya a cikin tsarin kasa da kasa. bukukuwan kankara. Zarub ya zama gama gari. rangadin manyan 'yan wasa. ƙungiyoyi (opera t-ditch, symphony. ƙungiyar makaɗa, ƙungiyoyin ɗaki, da sauransu). A cikin ƙasashe da yawa ana gina ɗakunan kide-kide da za su iya ɗaukar ɗimbin jama'a. A cikin kafin juyin juya halin Rasha yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban conc. rayuwa da kungiyar symph. da chamberlain K. ya da St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, Moscow Philharmonic Society, kuma musamman Rasha Musical Society, kazalika da irin wannan conc. kungiyoyi kamar "Concerts S. A. Koussevitzky" (1909-1914), "Concerts by A.

Muhimman canje-canje a cikin conc. ayyukan sun faru a cikin USSR, inda ƙungiya da jagoranci na conc. rayuwa tana hannun ‘yan gurguzu. state-va. A cikin shekaru na farko bayan juyin juya hali, irin wannan sabon taro nau'i na kide-kide ya tashi a matsayin concert taron, "Corporation of Artists - Soloists na Bolshoi T-ra" a Moscow, Leningrad. ƙungiyar mawaƙa. wasannin Olympics. wasan kwaikwayo na mai son kiɗa (na farko an gudanar da shi a cikin 1927, har zuwa mawaƙa 100000 sun shiga cikin wasu). Jagora conc. rayuwa a cikin USSR ya mayar da hankali a cikin jihar. Kungiyoyin kide-kide - Soyuzconcert, Rosconcert, Ukrconcert da sauransu, jamhuriya, yanki da birane. philharmonics. A cikin aikinsa, owls conc. ƙungiyoyi sun dogara ne akan sababbin ka'idoji. Ayyukan kiɗa-ilimi da al'adu sun zo kan gaba. Zuwa an shirya ba kawai a cikin conc. dakunan manyan birane, amma kuma a cikin ƙananan garuruwa, a cikin kulake, gidajen al'adu da bitar tsire-tsire da masana'antu, a cikin gonakin jihohi, gonaki na gama kai. Ƙungiyoyin philharmonic suna yin aikin kiɗa da ilimantarwa a tsakanin masu sauraro. Ana buga shirye-shiryen K. annotate, ana buga ƙasidu (don taimaka wa mai sauraro), tare da wasu da yawa. Philharmonics suna da zauren lacca na dindindin. Ƙungiyoyin philharmonic suna da masu soloists na farko da ƙungiyoyi masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi nasara a duniya: Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Tarayyar Soviet, Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, Moscow. Ƙungiyar Orchestra (wanda aka kafa a 1956), Symphony Orchestra na Leningrad Philharmonic, Kwalejin Kwalejin Rasha na Tarayyar Soviet, Mawakan Rasha na Republican, String Quartet. Borodin (wanda aka kafa a 1945);

References: Albrecht E., Babban bayyani na ayyukan St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, St. Petersburg, 1884; Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Rasha ta Imperial. Moscow reshe. Taron Symphony 1-500. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, M., 1899; Bikin cika shekaru 100 na St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. 1802-1902, St. Da'irar masoya na kiɗan Rasha. X (1902-1896), M., 1906 (tare da jerin shirye-shiryen kide kide); Findeizen NF, Essay a kan ayyukan reshen St. Kiɗa na St. Petersburg na A. Siloti. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo na yanayi goma (1906/1859-1909/1909), St. Petersburg, 1903; Ƙungiyar Ilimin Ilimin Jiha (Leningrad). Shekaru goma na kiɗan symphonic. 1904-1912, L., 1913 (tare da jerin shirye-shirye); Leningrad Philharmonic. Labarai. Tunawa. Materials, (sb.), L., 1913; Jihar Moscow Philharmonic, M., 1917; Elwart AAE, Histoire de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire imperial de musique, P., 1927; Deldever EME, Histoire des concerts populaires, P., 1928; Brenet M. (Babilljer M.), Les concerts en Faransa sous l Ancien régime, P., 1972; Rierre C., Le concert spirituel 1973 zuwa 1860, P., 1864; Bekker P., Das deutsche Musikleben, Stuttg. - V., 1900; Dandelot A., La Société des concerts du Conservatoire de 1725 a 1790, P., 1900; Meyer K., Das Konzert, ein Führer, Stuttg., 1916; Preussner E., Die bürgerliche Musikkultur, Hamb., 1828, “Kassel-Basel, 1923; Van der Wall W., Liepmann SM, Musik a cibiyoyi, NY, 1923; Maugé G., Concert, P., 1925; Gerhardt E., Recital, L., 1935; Bauer R., Das Konzert, B., 1954.

IM Yampolsky