Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (Mstislav Rostropovich) |

Mstislav Rostropovich

Mutane Artist na Tarayyar Soviet (1966), lashe Stalin (1951) da Lenin (1964) Prize na Tarayyar Soviet, Jihar Prize na RSFSR (1991), da Jihar Prize na Rasha Federation (1995). An san ba kawai a matsayin mawaki ba, amma har ma a matsayin jama'a. Jaridar London Times ta kira shi babban mawaki mai rai. Sunansa yana cikin "Arba'in Marasa mutuwa" - mambobi ne na girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci. Memba na Academy of Sciences and Arts (Amurka), Academy of Santa Cecilia (Rome), Royal Academy of Music of England, Royal Academy of Sweden, Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Imperial Prize na Japan. Ƙungiyar Art da sauran lambobin yabo da yawa. Ya samu lambar yabo ta digirin girmamawa daga jami'o'i sama da 50 a kasashe daban-daban. Dan kasa mai daraja na garuruwan duniya da dama. Kwamandan Umarni na Legion of Honor (Faransa, 1981, 1987), Kwamandan Daraja na Daraja mai Girma na Daular Burtaniya. An ba da lambar yabo ta jihohi da yawa daga ƙasashe 29. A 1997 ya aka ba da babbar lambar yabo ta Rasha "Slava / Gloria".

An haifi Maris 27, 1927 a Baku. Asalin kiɗan ya samo asali ne daga Orenburg. Kakanni da iyaye duka mawaƙa ne. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, ya riga ya koyar a makarantar kiɗa, yana karatu tare da M. Chulaki, wanda aka kwashe zuwa Orenburg a lokacin yakin shekaru. A shekaru 16 ya shiga Moscow Conservatory a cikin aji na cellist Semyon Kozolupov. Rostropovich ta wasan kwaikwayo aiki ya fara a 1945, lokacin da ya samu lambar yabo ta farko a All-Union Competition of Musicians. An samu karbuwa a duniya a shekarar 1950 bayan lashe gasar. Hanus Vigan a Prague. Bayan lashe All-Union gasar, Slava Rostropovich, dalibi a Conservatory, canjawa wuri daga shekara ta biyu zuwa shekara ta biyar. Sa'an nan ya koyar a Moscow Conservatory shekaru 26, da kuma shekaru 7 a Leningrad Conservatory. Dalibansa sun kasance sanannun masu wasan kwaikwayo, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama farfesa na manyan makarantun kiɗa na duniya: Sergei Roldygin, Iosif Feigelson, Natalia Shakhovskaya, David Geringas, Ivan Monighetti, Eleonora Testelets, Maris Villerush, Misha Maisky.

A cewar shi, uku composers, Prokofiev, Shostakovich da Britten, yana da wani hukunci tasiri a kan samuwar Rostropovich ta hali. Ayyukansa sun haɓaka ta hanyoyi guda biyu - a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo (soloist da ensemble player) da kuma matsayin jagora - opera da wasan kwaikwayo. A gaskiya ma, dukan repertore na cello music sauti a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya zaburar da da yawa daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20. don ƙirƙirar ayyuka musamman a gare shi. Shostakovich da Prokofiev, Britten da L. Bernstein, A. Dutilleux, V. Lyutoslavsky, K. Penderetsky, B. Tchaikovsky - a cikin duka, game da 60 zamani composers sadaukar da abun da ke ciki ga Rostropovich. Ya yi ayyuka 117 a karon farko don cello kuma ya ba da ƙwararrun mawaƙa 70. A matsayin mawaƙin ɗaki, ya yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyar S. Richter, a cikin uku tare da E. Gilels da L. Kogan, a matsayin ɗan pianist a cikin ƙungiyar G. Vishnevskaya.

Ya fara gudanar da aikinsa a shekarar 1967 a Bolshoi gidan wasan kwaikwayo (ya fara halarta a karon a P. Tchaikovsky ta Eugene Onegin, sa'an nan da productions na Semyon Kotko da Prokofiev's War and Peace). Duk da haka, rayuwa a gida ba ta kasance cikakke ba. Ya fadi cikin wulakanci kuma sakamakon ya zama tilastawa tashi daga Tarayyar Soviet a 1974. Kuma a cikin 1978, don ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam (musamman, ga ikon A. Solzhenitsyn), shi da matarsa ​​G. Vishnevskaya an hana su zama ɗan ƙasa na Soviet. . A shekara ta 1990 M. Gorbachev ya ba da sanarwar soke ƙudiri na majalisar koli kan hana su zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma maido da mukaman girmamawa da aka cire. Kasashe da yawa sun ba Rostropovich damar ɗaukar ɗan ƙasa, amma ya ƙi, kuma ba shi da ɗan ƙasa.

A San Francisco ya yi (a matsayin jagora) Sarauniyar Spades, a cikin Monte Carlo The Tsar's Bride. Ya shiga cikin firikwensin duniya na operas kamar Life with an Idiot (1992, Amsterdam) da Gesualdo (1995, Vienna) na A. Schnittke, Lolita R. Shchedrina (a Stockholm Opera). Wannan ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Lady Macbeth na Shostakovich na gundumar Mtsensk (a cikin bugu na farko) a Munich, Paris, Madrid, Buenos Aires, Aldborough, Moscow da sauran garuruwa. Bayan ya koma Rasha, ya gudanar da Khovanshchina kamar yadda Shostakovich ya bita (1996, Moscow, Bolshoi Theater). Tare da ƙungiyar kade-kade ta Faransanci a Paris, ya yi rikodin operas War and Peace, Eugene Onegin, Boris Godunov, Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk.

Daga 1977 zuwa 1994 ya kasance Babban Darakta na kungiyar kade-kade ta Amurka a Washington, DC, wanda a karkashin jagorancinsa ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun makada a Amurka. Shahararrun mawakan kade-kade na duniya sun gayyace shi - Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Austria, Amurka, Japan da sauran kasashe.

Wanda ya shirya nasa bukukuwa, wanda daya daga cikinsu ya sadaukar da shi ga kiɗa na karni na 20. Daya kuma shine bikin cello a birnin Beauvais (Faransa). Biki a Chicago an sadaukar da su ga Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten. Yawancin bukukuwan Rostropovich sun faru a London. Daya daga cikinsu, sadaukar da Shostakovich, dade da yawa watanni (duk 15 symphonies Shostakovich da London Symphony Orchestra). A bikin New York, an yi kade-kaden mawakan da suka sadaukar da ayyukansu gare shi. Ya halarci bikin "Ranakun Benjamin Britten a St. Petersburg" a kan bikin cika shekaru 90 na haihuwar Birtaniyya. A kan yunƙurinsa, ana sake farfado da gasar Pablo Casals Cello Competition a Frankfurt.

Yana buɗe makarantun kiɗa, yana gudanar da azuzuwan ƙwararru. Tun 2004 ya kasance shugaban Makarantar Higher Musical Excellence a Valencia (Spain). Tun shekarar 1998, a karkashin sa, an gudanar da gasa ta Masterprise International Composition Competition, wanda hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin BBC, da kungiyar kade-kade ta Symphony na London da AMI Records. An yi la'akari da gasar a matsayin mai samar da kusanci tsakanin manyan masoya kiɗa da mawaƙa na zamani.

An buga dubban kide-kide a wuraren kide-kide, masana'antu, kulake da gidajen sarauta (a fadar Windsor, wani wasan kwaikwayo don girmama bikin cika shekaru 65 na Sarauniya Sophia ta Spain, da sauransu).

Ƙwarewar fasaha mara kyau, kyawun sauti, zane-zane, al'adun salo, daidaito mai ban mamaki, motsin rai mai yaduwa, wahayi - babu kalmomi don cikakken godiya ga mutum da kuma yanayin wasan kwaikwayo mai haske na mawaƙa. "Duk abin da nake wasa, ina son suma," in ji shi.

Har ila yau, an san shi da ayyukan sadaka: shi ne shugaban kungiyar Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Charitable Foundation, wanda ke ba da taimako ga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yara a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. A shekara ta 2000, kafuwar ta fara gudanar da wani shiri na rigakafin yara a Rasha. Shugaban Asusun Tallafawa hazikan Dalibai na Jami'o'in Kiɗa mai ɗauke da sunansa, ya kafa Asusun Taimakawa Matasa Mawaƙa a Jamus, asusun bayar da tallafin karatu ga yara masu hazaka a Rasha.

An san hakikanin gaskiyar jawabinsa a shekarar 1989 a katangar Berlin, da kuma zuwansa Moscow a watan Agustan 1991, lokacin da ya shiga masu kare fadar White House ta Rasha. Ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda kokarinsa na kare hakkin dan Adam, gami da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta Human Rights League (1974). "Babu wanda zai taba samun nasarar yi min fada da Rasha, komai datti da aka zuba a kaina," in ji shi. Daya daga cikin na farko da suka goyi bayan ra'ayin na rike da Sakharov International Arts Festival a Nizhny Novgorod, ya kasance bako na II da kuma mahalarta na IV Festival.

Halin Rostropovich da ayyukansa na musamman ne. Kamar yadda suka rubuta da kyau, "tare da basirarsa na sihiri na kaɗe-kaɗe da yanayin zamantakewa mai ban sha'awa, ya rungumi dukan duniyar wayewa, yana haifar da sabon da'irar "zabar jini" na al'adu da alaƙa tsakanin mutane." Don haka, Cibiyar Rikodi ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a cikin Fabrairu 2003 ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Grammy Music Award "saboda gagarumin aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da jagora, don rayuwa a cikin rikodin." Ana kiransa "Gagarin's cello" da "Maestro Slava".

Walida Kelle

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