Luigi Marchesi |

Luigi Marchesi

Marchesi yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mawakan castrato na ƙarshe na ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. Stendhal a cikin littafinsa "Rome, Naples, Florence" ya kira shi "Bernini a cikin kiɗa". "Marchesi yana da murya mai laushi mai laushi, fasaha mai launi mai launi," in ji SM Grishchenko. "An bambanta waƙarsa da daraja, waƙar waƙa."

An haifi Luigi Lodovico Marchesi (Marchesini) a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1754 a Milan, ɗan mai ƙaho. Ya fara koyon yin kaho na farauta. Daga baya, bayan ya koma Modena, ya yi karatun waƙa tare da malamin Caironi da mawaƙa O. Albuzzi. A 1765, Luigi ya zama abin da ake kira alievo musico soprano (junior soprano castrato) a Milan Cathedral.

Matashin mawaƙin ya fara halarta a shekara ta 1774 a babban birnin Italiya a cikin opera Maid-Mistress na Pergolesi tare da ɓangaren mace. A bayyane yake, cikin nasara sosai, tun shekara ta gaba a Florence ya sake yin rawar mata a cikin opera Castor da Pollux na Bianchi. Marchesi kuma ya rera rawar mata a wasan operas na P. Anfossi, L. Alessandri, P.-A. Guglielmi. ’Yan shekaru kaɗan bayan ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, a cikin Florence ne Kelly ta rubuta: “Na rera Sembianza amabile del mio bel sole na Bianchi da ɗanɗano mai kyau; A cikin wani nassi mai nau'in chromatic ya haura octave na bayanin kula na chromatic, kuma bayanin kula na ƙarshe yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi har ana kiransa bam ɗin Marchesi.

Kelly yana da wani bita game da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci bayan ya kalli gasar Olympics ta Myslivecek a Naples: "Bayyanawarsa, jin daɗinsa da wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin kyakkyawan aria 'se Cerca, se Dice' sun wuce yabo."

Marchesi ya sami shahara sosai ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La Scala na Milan a shekara ta 1779, inda a shekara ta gaba nasararsa a Armida na Myslivechek aka ba da lambar azurfa ta Academy.

A cikin 1782, a Turin, Marchesi ya sami gagarumar nasara a Bianchi's Triumph of the World. Ya zama mawakin kotu na Sarkin Sardiniya. Mawaƙin yana da haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan albashi na shekara – 1500 Piedmontese lire. Bugu da kari, an ba shi damar yawon shakatawa zuwa kasashen waje na tsawon watanni tara na shekara. A cikin 1784, a cikin Turin guda "music" ya shiga wasan kwaikwayo na farko na opera "Artaxerxes" na Cimarosa.

E. Harriot ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa game da mawakan castrato: “A cikin 1785, har ma ya isa St. a 1788 ya yi nasara sosai a London. Wannan mawakin ya shahara da nasarorin da ya samu a zukatan mata kuma ya haifar da wani abin kunya lokacin da Maria Cosway, matar dan karamin yaro ta bar masa mijinta da ‘ya’yanta, ta fara binsa a duk fadin Turai. Ta dawo gida ne kawai a 1795.

Zuwan Marchesi a Landan ya haifar da da mai ido. Da maraice na farko, ba a iya fara wasansa ba, saboda hayaniya da ruɗani da ke cikin falon. Shahararren mai son kiɗan Ingilishi Lord Mount Egdcombe ya rubuta cewa: “A wannan lokacin, Marchesi matashi ne mai kyan gani, mai kyan hali da motsi mai kyau. Wasansa na ruhi ne da bayyanawa, iyawar muryarsa gaba ɗaya ba ta da iyaka, muryarsa ta buga da kewayonta, ko da yake ɗan kurma ne. Ya taka rawarsa sosai, amma ya nuna cewa yana sha'awar kansa sosai; ban da haka, ya fi kyau a cikin sassan bravura fiye da cantabile. A cikin abubuwan da ake karantawa, masu kuzari da sha'awar al'amuran, ba shi da wani daidai, kuma idan ya kasance ƙasa da ƙaddamarwa ga melismas, wanda ba koyaushe ya dace ba, kuma idan yana da dandano mai tsabta da sauƙi, aikinsa zai zama maras kyau: a kowane hali, ya kasance. ko da yaushe mai rai, mai haske da haske. . A karon farko, ya zaɓi opera mai ban sha'awa na Sarti Julius Sabin, wanda a cikinta ya bambanta duk arias na jarumi (kuma akwai da yawa daga cikinsu, kuma suna da bambanci sosai) da mafi kyawun bayyanawa. Duk waɗannan arias sun saba da ni, na ji Pacchierotti ya yi su a maraice a cikin wani gida mai zaman kansa, kuma a yanzu na rasa tausasan kalamansa, musamman ma a cikin yanayi na ƙarshe na tausayi. Ya zama kamar a gare ni cewa salon Marchesi ya wuce gona da iri ya lalata saukin su. Idan na kwatanta waɗannan mawaƙa, ba zan iya sha'awar Marchesi ba kamar yadda na sha sha'awar shi a da, a cikin Mantua ko kuma a wasu operas a nan London. An karbe shi da karramawa.”

A babban birnin kasar Ingila, gasar sada zumunci daya tilo ta shahararrun mawakan castrato biyu, Marchesi da Pacchierotti, ta gudana a wani kade-kade na sirri a gidan Lord Buckingham.

A ƙarshen rangadin mawaƙin, ɗaya daga cikin jaridun Ingilishi ya rubuta: “A yammacin jiya, Manyansu da Gimbiya sun karrama gidan wasan opera tare da halartarsu. Marchesi shi ne abin da ya fi daukar hankalinsu, kuma jarumin, wanda ya samu kwarin guiwar halartar kotun, ya zarce kansa. A baya-bayan nan ya murmure sosai daga tsinkayar da ya yi don yin ado da yawa. Har yanzu yana nuna a kan mataki abubuwan al'ajabi na sadaukar da kai ga kimiyya, amma ba don lalata fasaha ba, ba tare da kayan ado ba dole ba. Duk da haka, jituwar sauti tana nufin daidai da kunne kamar jituwar abin kallo da ido; inda yake, ana iya kawo shi ga kamala, amma idan ba haka ba, duk kokarin zai zama a banza. Kaico, da alama a gare mu Marchesi ba shi da irin wannan jituwa. "

Har zuwa karshen karni Marchesi ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun masu fasaha a Italiya. Kuma masu sauraro sun kasance a shirye su gafarta wa nagartansu da yawa. Shin saboda a wancan lokacin mawaƙa za su iya gabatar da kusan duk wani buƙatu na ban dariya. Marchesi "ya yi nasara" a wannan filin kuma. Ga abin da E. Harriot ya rubuta: “Marchesi ya nace cewa ya kamata ya bayyana a kan mataki, yana gangarowa bisa doki, ko da yaushe yana cikin kwalkwali mai launi iri-iri da bai wuce yadi ba. Fanfares ko ƙaho ya kamata ya sanar da tafiyarsa, kuma ɓangaren shine ya fara da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so - mafi yawan lokuta "Mia speranza, io pur vorrei", wanda Sarti ya rubuta musamman a gare shi - ba tare da la'akari da rawar da aka taka da kuma halin da ake ciki ba. Mawaka da yawa suna da irin waɗannan arias; An kira su "arie di baule" - "akwati aria" - saboda masu wasan kwaikwayo sun tashi tare da su daga wasan kwaikwayo zuwa wasan kwaikwayo.

Vernon Lee ya rubuta: “Babban ɓangaren jama’a sun shagaltu da yin hira da raye-raye da kuma ƙauna… mawaƙi Marchesi, wanda Alfieri ya yi kira da ya saka kwalkwali kuma ya tafi yaƙi da Faransawa, yana kiran shi kaɗai ɗan Italiya wanda ya yi ƙarfin hali. tsayayya da "Corsican Gaul" - mai nasara, aƙalla da waƙa.

Akwai magana a nan zuwa 1796, lokacin da Marchesi ya ƙi yin magana da Napoleon a Milan. Wannan, duk da haka, bai hana Marchesi daga baya ba, a cikin 1800, bayan yakin Marengo, ya zama a sahun gaba na wadanda suka yi maraba da mai kwace.

A ƙarshen 80s, Marchesi ya fara halarta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na San Benedetto a Venice a cikin wasan opera na Tarki The Apotheosis of Hercules. Anan, a Venice, akwai hamayya ta dindindin tsakanin Marchesi da prima na Portugal Donna Luisa Todi, wanda ya rera waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na San Samuele. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da wannan kishiya a cikin wasiƙar 1790 daga Venetian Zagurri zuwa abokinsa Casanova: "Ba su faɗi kaɗan game da sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo (La Fenice. - Kimanin Auth.), Babban batu ga 'yan ƙasa na kowane nau'i shine dangantaka. tsakanin Todi da Marchesi; Magana a kan wannan ba za ta gushe ba har sai ƙarshen duniya, domin irin waɗannan labarun suna ƙarfafa haɗin kai na zaman banza da rashin mahimmanci.

Ga kuma wata wasiƙa daga gare shi, wanda aka rubuta shekara guda bayan haka: “Sun buga caricature a cikin salon Ingilishi, wanda aka kwatanta Todi cikin nasara, kuma an nuna Marchesi a cikin ƙura. Duk wani layi da aka rubuta a cikin tsaro na Marchesi an gurbata ko cire shi ta hanyar yanke shawara na Bestemmia (kotu ta musamman don magance cin zarafi. - Kimanin Aut.). Duk wani shirme da ke ɗaukaka Todi yana maraba, tunda tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Damone da Kaz.

Har aka fara yada jita-jita game da rasuwar mawakin. Anyi hakan ne domin a bata wa Marchesi rai da tsoratarwa. Saboda haka wata jaridar Turanci ta shekara ta 1791 ta rubuta: “A jiya, an sami bayani game da mutuwar wani babban ɗan wasa a Milan. An ce ya fada cikin kishi na wani dan kasar Italiya, wanda ake zargin matarsa ​​da sha'awar dare marar kyau ... An ruwaito cewa kai tsaye dalilin bala'in guba ne, an gabatar da shi da fasaha na Italiyanci zalla.

Duk da makircin abokan gaba, Marchesi ya yi a cikin birnin canals na wasu shekaru da yawa. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1794, Zagurri ya rubuta: “Ya kamata Marchesi ya rera waƙa a wannan kakar a Fenice, amma gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya yi muni sosai har wannan kakar ba za ta daɗe ba. Marchesi zai biya su 3200 sequins."

A cikin 1798, a cikin wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, "Muziko" ya rera waƙa a cikin wasan opera na Zingarelli tare da bakon suna "Caroline da Mexico", kuma ya yi wani ɓangare na Mexico mai ban mamaki.

A cikin 1801, Teatro Nuovo ya buɗe a Trieste, inda Marchesi ya rera waƙa a Mayr's Ginevra Scotland. Mawaƙin ya ƙare aikinsa na opera a cikin kakar 1805/06, kuma har zuwa wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da yin nasara a Milan. Aikin jama'a na ƙarshe na Marchesi ya faru a cikin 1820 a Naples.

Mafi kyawun rawar soprano na Marchesi sun haɗa da Armida (Mysliveček's Armida), Ezio (Alessandri's Ezio), Giulio, Rinaldo (Sarti's Giulio Sabino, Armida da Rinaldo), Achilles (Achilles akan Skyros) yes Capua).

Mawakin ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1829 a Inzago, kusa da Milan.