Jussi Björling |

Jussi Björling ne adam wata

Jussi Björling ya kira Swede Jussi Björling da abokin hamayyar babban dan Italiya Beniamino Gigli. Daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan da ake kira "Jussi masoyi", "Apollo bel canto". VV Timokhin ya ce: "Björling yana da murya mai kyan gaske, tare da halayen Italiyanci daban-daban." "Kayan katako ya ci nasara da haske mai ban mamaki da dumi, sautin kanta ya bambanta da ƙarancin filastik, taushi, sassauci kuma a lokaci guda yana da wadata, mai daɗi, mai zafi. A ko'ina cikin kewayo, muryar mai zane ta yi kara ko da 'yanci - bayanansa na sama sun kasance masu hazaka da ban dariya, rajista na tsakiya ya burge da laushi mai dadi. Kuma a cikin yanayin mawaƙa za a iya jin halin sha'awar Italiyanci, sha'awa, buɗe ido, ko da yake kowane irin wuce gona da iri ya kasance baƙo ga Björling.

Shi mai rai ne na al'adun Italiyanci bel canto kuma ya kasance mawaƙi mai ban sha'awa na kyawunsa. Wadancan masu sukar da suka sanya Björling a cikin roko na shahararrun masu gidan Italiya (kamar Caruso, Gigli ko Pertile) sun yi daidai, wanda kyawun waƙoƙin, ƙwaƙƙwaran kimiyyar sauti, da ƙauna ga jumlar legato sune mahimman abubuwan wasan kwaikwayon. bayyanar. Ko da a cikin ayyukan gaske, Björling bai taɓa ɓata cikin sha'awa ba, nau'in melodramatic, bai taɓa keta kyawun kalmar murya tare da rera rera ko karin karin magana ba. Daga duk wannan ba ya bi ko kadan cewa Björling ba mai yawan zafin rai ba ne. Tare da irin raye-raye da sha'awar muryarsa ta yi sauti a cikin fitattun wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na operas na Verdi da mawaƙa na makarantar veristic - ko dai wasan ƙarshe na Il trovatore ne ko kuma wurin Turidu da Santuzza daga Rural Honor! Björling ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ke da cikakkiyar ma'anar ma'ana, jituwa ta ciki gaba ɗaya, kuma sanannen mawaƙin Yaren mutanen Sweden ya kawo kyakkyawan haƙiƙa na fasaha, ingantaccen sautin labari ga salon wasan kwaikwayon Italiyanci tare da jaddada tsananin motsin zuciyar sa.

Muryar Björling (da kuma muryar Kirsten Flagstad) tana da inuwa ta musamman na haske mai haske, don haka halayyar shimfidar wurare na arewa, kiɗan Grieg da Sibelius. Wannan ladabi mai laushi ya ba da ban sha'awa na musamman da ruhi ga cantilena na Italiyanci, labaran waƙoƙin da Björling ya yi sauti tare da sihiri, kyakkyawa na sihiri.

An haifi Yuhin Jonatan Björling a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1911 a Stora Tuna a cikin dangin kiɗa. Mahaifinsa, David Björling, sanannen mawaƙi ne, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na Conservatory Vienna. Mahaifin ya yi mafarki cewa 'ya'yansa Olle, Jussi da Yesta za su zama mawaƙa. Don haka, Jussi ya sami darasin waƙa na farko daga mahaifinsa. Lokaci ya yi da gwauruwa na farko Dauda ya yanke shawarar kai 'ya'yansa maza zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo don ciyar da iyalinsa, kuma a lokaci guda gabatar da mazan ga kiɗa. Mahaifinsa ya shirya taron muryar dangi mai suna Björling Quartet, wanda ƙaramin Jussi ya rera ɓangaren soprano.

Waɗannan huɗun sun yi a cikin majami'u, kulake, cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan kide-kide sun kasance makaranta mai kyau ga mawaƙa na gaba - 'yan maza tun daga ƙuruciyarsu sun saba yin la'akari da kansu masu fasaha. Abin sha'awa shine, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin quartet, akwai faifan bidiyo na wani matashi mai suna Jussi mai shekaru tara, wanda aka yi a 1920. Kuma ya fara yin rikodin akai-akai tun yana dan shekara 18.

Shekaru biyu kafin mahaifinsa ya rasu, Jussi da ’yan’uwansa sun yi aikin banza kafin su cika burinsu na zama ƙwararrun mawaƙa. Bayan shekaru biyu, Jussi iya shiga Royal Academy of Music a Stockholm, a cikin ajin D. Forsel, sa'an nan shugaban gidan opera.

Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 1930, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Jussi ya faru a mataki na Opera House na Stockholm. Matashin mawaƙin ya rera ɓangaren Don Ottavio a cikin Don Giovanni na Mozart kuma ya sami babban nasara. A lokaci guda, Björling ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar Royal Opera tare da malamin Italiyanci Tullio Voger. Bayan shekara guda, Björling ya zama ɗan soloist tare da Gidan Opera na Stockholm.

Tun shekara ta 1933, shaharar mawaƙi mai hazaƙa ya yaɗu a ko'ina cikin Turai. An sauƙaƙe wannan ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyen da ya yi nasara a Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo, Prague, Vienna, Dresden, Paris, Florence. liyafar da ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan wasan Sweden ya tilasta wa gudanarwar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a cikin birane da yawa don ƙara yawan wasan kwaikwayo tare da sa hannu. Shahararren shugaba Arturo Toscanini ya gayyaci mawaƙa zuwa bikin Salzburg a 1937, inda mai zane ya yi rawar Don Ottavio.

A wannan shekarar, Björling ya yi nasara a Amurka. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na solo a birnin Springfield (Massachusetts), jaridu da yawa sun kawo rahotanni game da wasan kwaikwayo a shafukan farko.

A cewar masana tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo, Björling ya zama ɗan ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa wanda Metropolitan Opera ya taɓa yin kwangila tare da shi don yin jagoranci. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Jussi ya hau kan dandalin Metropolitan a karon farko, inda ya fara halarta tare da jam'iyyar a cikin opera La bohème. Kuma a ranar 2 ga Disamba, mai zane-zane ya rera sashin Manrico a Il trovatore. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga masu sukar, tare da irin wannan "kyakkyawan kyau da haske", wanda nan da nan ya mamaye Amurkawa. Wannan ita ce nasara ta gaskiya ta Björling.

VV Timokhin ya rubuta cewa: “Björling ya fara halarta a dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na Covent Garden na London a shekara ta 1939 ba tare da samun nasara ba, kuma an bude kakar 1940/41 a Metropolitan da wasan kwaikwayo Un ballo in maschera, inda mai zane ya rera bangaren Richard. Bisa al'ada, hukumar wasan kwaikwayo na gayyatar mawaka da suka shahara da masu sauraro zuwa bukin kakar wasa. Amma game da wasan opera na Verdi da aka ambata, an yi shi na ƙarshe a New York kusan kwata na ƙarni da suka wuce! A cikin 1940, Björling ya yi wasan farko a kan mataki na Opera na San Francisco (Un ballo in maschera da La bohème).

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ayyukan mawaƙin sun iyakance ga Sweden. Tun a cikin 1941, hukumomin Jamus, suna sane da ra'ayin Björling na kyamar mulkin Fascist, sun hana shi bizar wucewa ta Jamus, wanda ya dace don tafiya zuwa Amurka; sa'an nan kuma an soke rangadinsa a Vienna, saboda ya ƙi yin waƙa da Jamusanci a cikin "La Boheme" da "Rigoletto". Björling ya yi sau da dama a wasannin kide-kide da kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa ta shirya don nuna goyon baya ga wadanda aka kashe a zamanin Nazi, kuma ta haka ne ya samu karbuwa na musamman da yabo daga dubban masu sauraro.

Yawancin masu sauraro sun san aikin maigidan Sweden godiya ga rikodi. Tun 1938 ya kasance yana rikodin kiɗan Italiyanci a cikin ainihin yaren. Daga baya, mai zane yana raira waƙa tare da kusan daidai da 'yanci a cikin Italiyanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Ingilishi: a lokaci guda, kyawun murya, fasaha na murya, daidaito na innation ba ta cin amana shi ba. Gabaɗaya, Björling ya rinjayi mai sauraron da farko tare da taimakon mafi arziƙin sa na katako da kuma muryar da ba a saba gani ba, kusan ba tare da yin amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki da yanayin fuska a kan mataki ba.

Shekarun baya-bayan nan an yi su ne da wani sabon hazaka na gwanin gwanin zane, wanda ya kawo masa sabbin alamun karbuwa. Yana yin a cikin manyan gidajen opera a duniya, yana ba da kide-kide da yawa.

Saboda haka, a cikin 1945/46 kakar, da singer raira waƙa a Metropolitan, yawon shakatawa a kan matakai na opera gidajen a Chicago da kuma San Francisco. Sannan kuma tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar, wadannan cibiyoyin wasan opera na Amurka akai-akai suna karbar bakuncin shahararren mawakin. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Metropolitan tun lokacin, yanayi uku ne kawai suka wuce ba tare da halartar Björling ba.

Da yake zama mashahuri, Björling bai karya ba, duk da haka, tare da garinsa na haihuwa, ya ci gaba da yin aiki akai-akai a kan matakin Stockholm. A nan ya haskaka ba kawai a cikin kambi na Italiyanci ba, amma kuma ya yi yawa don inganta ayyukan mawaƙa na Sweden, wanda aka yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na The Bride na T. Rangstrom, Fanal na K. Atterberg, Engelbrecht na N. Berg.

Kyau da ƙarfin ƙwararrun waƙoƙinsa mai ban mamaki, tsaftar ɗabi'a, ƙamus bayyananne da ƙamus mara kyau a cikin harsuna shida a zahiri sun zama almara. Daga cikin mafi girman nasarorin da mai zane ya samu, da farko, shine rawar da aka yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci - daga litattafan gargajiya zuwa verists: Barber of Seville da William Tell na Rossini; "Rigoletto", "La Traviata", "Aida", "Trovatore" na Verdi; "Tosca", "Cio-Cio-San", "Turandot" na Puccini; "Clowns" na Leoncavallo; Karuwar Karrama Mascagni. Amma tare da wannan, shi da kuma kyakkyawan Belmont a cikin The Satar daga Seraglio da Tamino a cikin The Magic sarewa, Florestan a Fidelio, Lensky da Vladimir Igorevich, Faust a cikin opera Gounod. A cikin kalma, kewayon kerawa na Björling yana da faɗi kamar kewayon muryarsa mai ƙarfi. A cikin repertorensa akwai fiye da arba'in sassa na opera, ya rubuta da dama da bayanai. A cikin kide kide da wake-wake, Jussi Björling lokaci-lokaci ya yi tare da 'yan uwansa, wanda kuma ya zama sanannun masu fasaha, kuma wani lokaci tare da matarsa, mawaƙa mai basira Anne-Lisa Berg.

Kyakkyawar aikin Björling ya ƙare a zenith. Alamun cututtukan zuciya sun fara bayyana a cikin tsakiyar 50s, amma mai zane ya yi ƙoƙari kada ya lura da su. A cikin Maris 1960, ya sami ciwon zuciya a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon London na La bohème; Dole ne a soke wasan kwaikwayon. Duk da haka, da kyar ya murmure, Jussi ya sake fitowa a kan mataki bayan rabin sa'a kuma bayan ƙarshen wasan opera an ba shi lambar yabo da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Likitoci sun dage akan maganin dogon lokaci. Björling ya ki yin ritaya, a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar ya yi rikodin sa na ƙarshe - Verdi's Requiem.

A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta ya gabatar da wani kade-kade a birnin Gothenburg, wanda aka shirya zai zama wasan karshe na babban mawakin. An yi Arias daga Lohengrin, Onegin, Manon Lesko, waƙoƙin Alven da Sibelius. Björling ya mutu makonni biyar bayan Satumba 1960, XNUMX.

Mawakin bai sami lokacin aiwatar da yawancin tsare-tsarensa ba. Tuni a cikin fall, mai zane yana shirin shiga cikin sabuntawar opera na Puccini Manon Lescaut a kan mataki na Metropolitan. A babban birnin Italiya, zai kammala rikodin sashin Richard a cikin Un ballo a maschera. Bai taɓa yin rikodin ɓangaren Romeo a cikin opera na Gounod ba.