Joan Sutherland |
Joan Sutherland ne adam wata
Muryar ban mamaki ta Sutherland, haɗe gwanintar coloratura tare da wadata mai ban mamaki, ɗimbin launukan timbre tare da bayyanannun muryar jagora, ya burge masoya da ƙwararru a cikin fasahar murya tsawon shekaru da yawa. Shekaru arba'in ta ci nasarar aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Mawaƙa kaɗan ne suka mallaki irin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)). Ta ji daidai da kwanciyar hankali ba kawai a cikin fassarar Italiyanci da Austro-Jamus ba, har ma a cikin Faransanci. Tun farkon 60s, Sutherland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na zamaninmu. A cikin labarai da sake dubawa, sau da yawa ana kiranta da kalmar Italiyanci mai sonorous La Stupenda ("Amazing").
An haifi Joan Sutherland a birnin Sydney na Australia a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1926. Mahaifiyar mawaƙa ta gaba tana da kyakkyawan mezzo-soprano, ko da yake ba ta zama mawaƙa ba saboda tsayayyar iyayenta. Yin koyi da mahaifiyarta, yarinyar ta yi muryar Manuel Garcia da Matilda Marchesi.
Ganawar da malamar muryar Sydney Aida Dickens ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga Joan. Ta gano ainihin soprano mai ban mamaki a cikin yarinyar. Kafin wannan, Joan ta tabbata cewa tana da mezzo-soprano.
Sutherland ta sami ilimin ƙwararrun ta a Sydney Conservatory. Sa’ad da take ɗalibi, Joan ta fara ayyukanta na kade-kade, bayan ta yi balaguro zuwa birane da yawa na ƙasar. Sau da yawa tana tare da ɗan wasan piano Richard Boning. Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa wannan shi ne farkon wani nau'i na duet wanda ya shahara a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya.
A shekara ashirin da ɗaya, Sutherland ta rera sashin wasan kwaikwayo na farko, Dido a cikin Purcell's Dido da Aeneas, a wurin wani shagali a babban taron birnin Sydney. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Joan ya ci gaba da yin kide kide da wake-wake. Bugu da ƙari, tana shiga cikin gasa na rera waƙa na Ostiraliya kuma tana matsayi na farko sau biyu. A matakin wasan opera, Sutherland ta fara fitowa a shekarar 1950 a garinsu, a cikin rawar take a cikin wasan opera "Judith" na J. Goossens.
A 1951, bayan Bonynge, Joan ya koma London. Sutherland yana aiki da yawa tare da Richard, yana goge kowane jumlar murya. Ta kuma yi karatu na shekara guda a Royal College of Music da ke Landan tare da Clive Carey.
Koyaya, da wahala kawai Sutherland ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Covent Garden. A cikin Oktoba 1952, matashin mawaƙa ya rera ƙaramin ɓangaren matar shugaban ƙasa a cikin Mozart's The Magic Flute. Amma bayan da Joan ta yi nasara a matsayin Amelia a Un ballo a maschera ta Verdi, ta maye gurbin mawaƙin Jamus Elena Werth da ba ta da lafiya, masu kula da wasan kwaikwayo sun yi imani da iyawarta. Tuni a cikin lokacin halarta na farko, Sutherland ta amince da rawar Countess ("Bikin Bikin Figaro") da Penelope Rich ("Gloriana" Britten). A cikin 1954, Joan ya rera taken taken a Aida da Agatha a cikin sabon samarwa na Weber's The Magic Shooter.
A cikin wannan shekarar, wani muhimmin al'amari ya faru a cikin rayuwar Sutherland - ta auri Boninj. Mijinta ya fara karkatar da Joan zuwa sassan lyric-coloratura, yana gaskanta cewa sun fi dacewa da yanayin iyawarta. Mai zane ya yi shakkar wannan, amma duk da haka ya yarda kuma a cikin 1955 ta rera waƙa da yawa irin wannan rawar. Aiki mafi ban sha'awa shine ɓangaren fasaha mai wahala na Jennifer a cikin opera na Bikin Dare na Tsakar Rana ta mawakin Ingilishi na zamani Michael Tippett.
Daga 1956 zuwa 1960, Sutherland ta shiga cikin bikin Glyndebourne, inda ta rera sassan Countess Almaviva (Aure na Figaro), Donna Anna (Don Giovanni), Madame Hertz a cikin Mozart's vaudeville Theater Director.
A cikin 1957, Sutherland ya zama sananne a matsayin mawaƙin Handelian, yana rera taken taken a Alcina. "Fitaccen mawakin Handelian na zamaninmu," sun rubuta a cikin manema labarai game da ita. A shekara mai zuwa, Sutherland ta tafi yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje a karon farko: ta rera wakar soprano a cikin Verdi's Requiem a bikin Holland, da Don Giovanni a bikin Vancouver a Kanada.
Mawaƙin yana kusa da burinta - don yin ayyukan manyan mawaƙa na Italiyanci bel canto - Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti. Ƙaddamar da gwajin ƙarfin Sutherland shine rawar Lucia di Lammermoor a cikin wasan opera na Donizetti mai suna iri ɗaya, wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mara kyau na salon bel canto na gargajiya.
Tare da babbar tafi, masu sauraron Covent Garden sun yaba da fasaha na mawaƙin. Fitaccen masanin kida na Ingilishi Harold Rosenthal ya kira wasan kwaikwayon Sutherland “bayani”, da fassarar rawar - mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙarfin tunani. Don haka tare da nasarar London, shaharar duniya ta zo Sutherland. Tun daga wannan lokacin, mafi kyawun gidajen opera sun kasance suna ɗokin kulla kwangila da ita.
Sabbin nasarori suna kawo wasan kwaikwayo na masu fasaha a Vienna, Venice, Palermo. Sutherland ta jure gwajin jama'a na Parisiya masu bukata, inda suka ci Grand Opera a cikin Afrilu 1960, duk a cikin Lucia di Lammermoor iri ɗaya.
"Idan wani ya gaya mani mako guda da ya gabata cewa zan saurari Lucia ba kawai ba tare da ƙarancin gajiya ba, amma tare da jin daɗin da ke tasowa lokacin da nake jin daɗin babban aikin, babban aikin da aka rubuta don matakin waƙar, zan yi mamakin abin da ba a iya faɗi ba." In ji mai sukar Faransa Marc Pencherl a wani bita.
A Afrilu mai zuwa, Sutherland ta haskaka kan mataki a La Scala a cikin rawar take a Bellini's Beatrice di Tenda. A cikin kaka na wannan shekarar, da singer yi ta halarta a karon a kan mataki na uku mafi girma a Amurka gidajen opera: San Francisco, Chicago da kuma New York Metropolitan Opera. Debuting a Metropolitan Opera kamar yadda Lucia, ta yi a can shekaru 25.
A 1963, wani mafarki na Sutherland ya zama gaskiya - ta rera Norma a karo na farko a kan mataki na wasan kwaikwayo a Vancouver. Sa'an nan mai zane ya rera wannan bangare a London a watan Nuwamba 1967 da kuma a New York a kan mataki na Metropolitan a cikin 1969/70 da 1970/71 yanayi.
"Fassarar Sutherland ta haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin mawaƙa da masu son fasahar murya," in ji VV Timokhin. - Da farko, yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa hoton wannan jarumar firist ɗin, wanda Kalas ya ƙunshi irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki, zai iya bayyana a cikin kowane irin yanayin tunani!
A cikin fassararta, Sutherland ta ba da fifiko ga mai laushi mai laushi, tunani na waƙa. Kusan babu wani abu na jarumtakar jarumtakar Callas a cikinta. Tabbas, da farko, duk waƙar waƙa, mafarki mai haske a cikin rawar Norma - kuma sama da duk addu'ar "Casta Diva" - sun yi ban sha'awa sosai tare da Sutherland. Duk da haka, ba za a iya yarda da ra'ayi na masu sukar da suka nuna cewa irin wannan sake tunani game da rawar Norma, shading da poetic kyau na Bellini music, duk da haka, a kan dukan, haƙiƙa, matalauta hali halitta da mawaki.
A cikin 1965, a karon farko bayan shekaru goma sha huɗu, Sutherland ta koma Ostiraliya. Zuwan mawaƙin ya kasance abin jin daɗi na gaske ga masu son fasahar murya a Ostiraliya, waɗanda suka yi maraba da Joan da ƙwazo. Jaridun kasar sun mai da hankali sosai kan rangadin da mawakin ya yi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Sutherland ta yi wasan kwaikwayo akai-akai a cikin mahaifarta. Ta bar mataki a ƙasarta Sydney a cikin 1990, tana yin ɓangaren Marguerite a cikin Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots.
A watan Yunin 1966, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Covent Garden, ta yi wasa a karon farko a matsayin Maria a cikin wasan opera na Donizetti's Daughter of the Regiment, wanda ke da wuya a matakin zamani. An yi wannan wasan opera don Sutherland da New York a watan Fabrairun 1972. Sunny, mai ƙauna, maras lokaci, jan hankali - waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin abubuwan da mawaƙin ya cancanci a cikin wannan rawar da ba za a manta ba.
Mawaƙin bai rage ayyukanta na kirkire-kirkire ba a cikin shekarun 70s da 80s. Don haka a Seattle, Amurka a cikin Nuwamba 1970, Sutherland ta yi duk rawar mata guda huɗu a cikin wasan opera mai ban dariya na Offenbach The Tales of Hoffmann. Sukar dai ya danganta wannan aikin na mawakiyar da yawan gwarzayenta.
A cikin 1977, mawaƙin ya rera waƙa a karon farko a Covent Garden Mary Stuart a cikin opera Donizetti mai suna iri ɗaya. A London, a cikin 1983, ta sake rera ɗayan mafi kyawun sassanta - Esclarmonde a cikin wasan opera na Massenet mai suna iri ɗaya.
Tun farkon shekarun 60s, Sutherland ta yi kusan koyaushe a cikin taron tare da mijinta, Richard Boninge. Tare da shi, ta aiwatar da mafi yawan faifan nata. Mafi kyawun su: "Anna Boleyn", "'yar Regiment", "Lucretia Borgia", "Lucia di Lammermoor", "Love Potion" da "Mary Stuart" na Donizetti; "Beatrice di Tenda", "Norma", "Puritanes" da "Sleepwalker" na Bellini; Semiramide na Rossini, Verdi's La Traviata, Meyerbeer's Huguenots, Massenet's Esclarmonde.
Mawaƙin ya yi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin ta a cikin opera Turandot tare da Zubin Meta. Wannan rikodi na opera yana cikin mafi kyawu a cikin nau'ikan sauti guda talatin na fitacciyar fasahar Puccini. Sutherland, wanda a gaba ɗaya ba shi da irin wannan nau'in jam'iyyar, inda ake buƙatar magana, wani lokaci ya kai ga zalunci, ya yi nasarar bayyana sababbin siffofi na hoton Turandot a nan. Ya zama mafi “crystal”, mai huda da ɗan rashin tsaro. Bayan tsanani da almubazzaranci na gimbiya, an fara jin ranta na wahala. Daga nan, canjin banmamaki na kyakkyawa mai taurin zuciya zuwa mace mai ƙauna ya zama mafi ma'ana.
Ga ra'ayin VV Timokhin:
"Ko da yake Sutherland ba ta taɓa yin karatu a Italiya ba kuma ba ta da mawaƙa na Italiyanci a cikin malamanta, mai zanen ya yi suna da farko don fitacciyar fassarar rawar da ta taka a wasan operas na Italiya na ƙarni na XNUMX. Ko da a cikin muryar Sutherland - kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske, sabon abu a cikin kyakkyawa da launuka iri-iri - masu sukar suna samun halayen Italiyanci: kyalkyali, hasken rana, juiciness, haske mai walƙiya. Sautunan rajistanta na sama, bayyananne, bayyananne da azurfa, kama da sarewa, rajista na tsakiya, tare da duminsa da cikar sa, yana ba da ra'ayi na rera waƙoƙin oboe, kuma ƙaramin rubutu mai laushi da laushi kamar suna fitowa daga cello. Irin wannan nau'i mai yawa na inuwar sauti shine sakamakon gaskiyar cewa na dogon lokaci Sutherland ya fara aiki a matsayin mezzo-soprano, sannan a matsayin soprano mai ban mamaki, kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin coloratura. Wannan ya taimaka wa mawaƙa don fahimtar duk damar muryarta, ta ba da kulawa ta musamman ga babban rajista, tun da farko iyakar iyawarta shine "har zuwa" octave na uku; yanzu tana ɗaukar “fa” cikin sauƙi da walwala.
Sutherland ya mallaki muryarsa kamar cikakkiyar virtuoso tare da kayan aikin sa. Amma a gare ta babu wata dabara don nuna dabarar kanta, duk dalla-dalla dalla-dalla da aka aiwatar da mafi yawan hadaddun alherai sun dace da tsarin motsin rai na gaba ɗaya, cikin tsarin kiɗan gabaɗaya a matsayin ɓangaren sa.
