Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

Ivan Ershov

"Idan Sobinov ya kasance mafi kamala na mawallafin waƙoƙin Rasha, to, a cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wannan wuri ya kasance na Ershov," in ji DN Lebedev. - Babban wakilin makarantar sauti na gaskiya, Ershov ya tabbatar da ka'idodinsa da gaske.

Aikin Ershov ya kasance mai zafi, mai ban sha'awa, mai sha'awar sha'awa. Kamar yadda ya kasance a rayuwa, haka ya kasance cikin aiki. Ƙarfin lallashi, sauƙi ya kasance wani ɓangare na yanayin fasaharsa.

Ba abin mamaki ba wani daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa ya kira shi Chaliapin a cikin 'yan kasuwa.

An haifi Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1867. Ershov ya tuna cewa: “Yarana ya yi wuya. – Na kasance a cikin iyali “karin baki”. Mahaifiyata ta yi hidima a iyalin matalauta. Zan zama injiniyan layin dogo. Ya riga ya ci jarrabawar matsayin mataimakin direba kuma ya yi ta tafiya akai-akai zuwa layi, yana tuka motar motsa jiki. Amma babban Anton Rubinstein ya ja hankali gare ni, saurayi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, rayuwata ta sadaukar da kai ga fasaha, kiɗa. "

Haka ne, kamar yadda ya faru, harka ta taimaka masa. Ershov ya yi karatu a makarantar Railway a Yelets, sau da yawa ana yin kide-kide na masu son. Ba za a iya musun iyawarsa na ban mamaki ba. Anan ya ji ta bakin farfesa na St. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Ta gaya wa AG Rubinstein game da wani matashi mai hazaka. A bisa shawarar babban dan wasan pianist, mashin ɗin jiya ya zama ɗalibin ajin muryar, wanda Stanislav Ivanovich Gabel ya jagoranta. Shekaru na karatun ba su da sauƙi: duk kudin shiga ya kasance 15 rubles a wata, guraben karatu da abincin rana kyauta.

A 1893 Ershov ya sauke karatu daga St. Petersburg Conservatory. A wannan shekarar ya fara fitowa a matsayin Faust.

AA Gozenpud ya rubuta: “Mawaƙin matashin bai yi wani ra’ayi mai kyau ba. An ba shi shawarar ya tafi Italiya don ingantawa. Bayan watanni hudu na azuzuwa tare da malamin Rossi, ya fara halarta a karon tare da babban nasara a gidan Regio Opera House. Wani sabon nasara ya kawo shi aikin aikin José a Carmen. Jita-jita game da wasan kwaikwayo na Yershov na kasashen waje ya kai Napravnik da Vsevolozhsky, kuma an ba wa mai zanen sabon wasan kwaikwayo. A bisa dabi'a, hakan ya faru ne bayan ya yi suna a kasashen waje. Yana da wuya cewa watanni 4 na azuzuwan tare da Rossi na iya haɓaka al'adun muryarsa sosai. Komawa zuwa Rasha Ershov ya yi a Kharkov a cikin 1894/95 kakar. A halarta a karon a Mariinsky gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya faru a Afrilu 1895 kamar yadda Faust.

Har ila yau, wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance sananne saboda gaskiyar cewa wani ɗan wasa, matashin bass Fyodor Chaliapin, ya yi a matsayin Mephistopheles. A nan gaba, kamar yadda ka sani, Chaliapin ya rera waƙa a kusan dukkanin manyan matakai a duniya, kuma Ershov gabaɗayan rayuwar rayuwa kusan ya iyakance ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky (daga baya Kirov).

Da farko Ershov ya rera waka iri-iri na tenor sassa a nan, amma bayan lokaci ya bayyana a fili cewa ainihin aikinsa shi ne jarumtaka. A kan wannan tafarki ne aka bayyana fitattun iyawarsa ba kawai a matsayin mawaƙa ba, amma a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ershov ya rubuta abin da ya rubuta:

“Muryar mawaƙa ita ce muryar zuciya. Kalmar, yanayin fuska, daidaita yanayin ɗan adam a cikin suturar zamanin, a cikin suturar ɗan ƙasa da alaƙar sa; shekarunsa, halinsa, halinsa ga muhalli, da dai sauransu - duk wannan yana buƙatar daga mawaƙa-dan wasan kwaikwayo mai dacewa da launi na sautin muryarsa, in ba haka ba duk abin da ke bel canto da bel canto, da dai sauransu. etc. Haqiqa, gaskiya a cikin fasaha!...

Sauye-sauye nawa a cikin timbres, launuka, kowane nau'in murɗawar murya da juyawa na iya zama cikin murya, amma babu gaskiya, ji na zuciya da ruhi!

Faust da Romeo ba su dace da kowane hali na mai zane ba. Tannhäuser da Orestes sun kawo nasara ta gaske ga Ershov. Godiya ta gare su, hazakar matashin mawakin ta bayyana a fili kuma an bayyana karfi da bayyana murya.

Kondratiev mai suka ya lura da gamsuwa da yadda Ershov ya yi a Oresteia: “Ershov ya yi kyau sosai… an rubuta sashin da ba shi da iko da girma, kuma ya fito daga wannan gwajin da daraja.” Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu: "Ershov ya ba da mamaki a cikin yanayin fushi."

Wata nasara ta kirkira ga Ershov ita ce wasan opera Samson da Delilah. Game da shi, Kondratiev ya rubuta: "Ershov daidai yi Samson." Ya ci nasara sabuwar nasara a sashen Sobinin, yana rera waƙar da aka saba rasa aria tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa “Brothers, in the snowstorm.” Ya ƙunshi sau da yawa na sama "C" da "D-flat", masu iya samun dama ga 'yan haya. Kusan dukkanin wakilan mawaƙa na St.

Kondratiev ya lura a cikin littafin tarihinsa: “An rubuta aria a cikin babban rajistar da ba a saba gani ba, har yana tsoratar da ko da karanta shi. Na ji tsoron Yershov, amma ya fito daga wannan gwajin da daraja. Musamman da dabara ya yi tsakiyar cantale, masu sauraro sun yi kira da murya sun bukaci a maimaita, ya biya bukatun jama'a kuma ya yi waƙa a hankali har ma da kyau a karo na biyu.

Ershov kuma ya sake ƙirƙirar siffar Finn a Ruslan da Lyudmila a cikin sabuwar hanya. BV ya rubuta game da wannan. Asafiev: "Ayyuka shine kerawa mai rai, mai iya gani, saboda "kalmar murya", a cikin ra'ayin da Yershov ya samu, yana aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗi a cikin ci gaba (a cikin wannan sautin sauti) na tsarin tsarin kowane lokaci, kowane lokaci na ruhaniya. motsi. Dukansu masu ban tsoro da farin ciki. Yana da ban tsoro saboda a cikin mutane da yawa da ke da hannu a wasan opera a matsayin fasaha, kaɗan, kaɗan ne aka ƙaddara don fahimtar cikakken zurfin da ƙarfin magana da ke cikinta. Abin farin ciki ne saboda, sauraron wasan kwaikwayon Yershov, a nan take za ku iya jin wani abu wanda ba a bayyana a cikin kowane litattafai ba kuma ba za a iya isar da shi ta kowane bayanin ba: kyawun bugun rayuwa a cikin bayyanar tashin hankali ta hanyar sautin kiɗa. ma'ana ta kalmar.

Idan ka dubi jerin sassan opera da Ershov ya yi, to, shi, kamar kowane mai fasaha, yana da alamar wadata da bambancin. Mafi girman panorama - daga Mozart, Weber, Beethoven da Bellini zuwa Rachmaninoff, Richard Strauss da Prokofiev. Ya sami nasarori masu kyau a wasan kwaikwayo na Glinka da Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky da Rubinstein, Verdi da Bizet.

Duk da haka, mawaƙin Rasha ya gina wani abin tunawa a tarihin fasahar wasan opera ga kansa tare da kololuwa biyu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine kyakkyawan aikin sassa a cikin ayyukan Wagner. Ershov ya kasance mai gamsarwa daidai a Lohengrin da Tannhäuser, Valkyrie da Rhine Gold, Tristan da Isolde da Mutuwar Allolin. Anan mawaƙin ya sami wani abu mai sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mai lada don shigar da ƙa'idodinsa na fasaha. "Dukkan jigon ayyukan Wagner sun cika da girman aikin," in ji mawaƙin. - Kiɗan wannan mawaƙi yana da ban sha'awa sosai, amma yana buƙatar kamun kai na jijiyar fasaha a ɗan lokaci. Duk abin ya kamata a ɗaukaka - kallo, murya, motsi. Dole ne mai wasan kwaikwayo ya iya yin wasa ba tare da kalmomi ba a cikin wuraren da babu waƙa, amma kawai sauti mai ci gaba. Wajibi ne a daidaita saurin motsi na mataki tare da kiɗan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Tare da Wagner, kiɗa, a alamance, an ɗora wa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo-mawaƙa. Don karya wannan abin da aka makala yana nufin karya haɗin kan mataki da kade-kade na kiɗa. Amma wannan rashin daidaituwa ba ya ɗaure ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana nuna masa cewa dole ne girman daraja, monumentality, mai faɗi, jinkirin motsi, wanda a kan mataki ya dace da ruhun kiɗan Wagner.

Cosima Wagner, gwauruwar mawaƙin, ta rubuta wa mawaƙin a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1901: “Abokan fasaharmu da yawa da masu fasaha da yawa, har da Ms. Litvin, sun gaya mini yadda kuka yi ayyukan fasaharmu. Ina tambayar ku ko hanyarku wata rana za ta bi ku ta Bayreuth kuma idan kuna son tsayawa a can ku yi magana da ni game da ayyukan Jamusawa na waɗannan ayyukan. Ban yi imani cewa zan taba samun damar tafiya zuwa Rasha ba, shi ya sa nake yin wannan bukata a gare ku. Ina fatan karatun ku zai ba ku damar hutu kuma wannan hutun bai yi nisa ba. Da fatan za a karɓi girmamawa ta sosai.”

Ee, shaharar mawaƙin Wagnerian ya makale ga Yershov. Amma ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don karya wannan repertoire a kan mataki.

Ershov ya tuna a shekara ta 1933: "Dukkan hanyar tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta Mariinsky ta kasance maƙiya ga Wagner," in ji Ershov a XNUMX. Waƙar Wagner ta haɗu da ƙiyayya. Lohengrin da Tannhäuser har yanzu an bar su a kan mataki, suna mai da waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo na jarumtaka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na salon Italiyanci. An sake yin jita-jita na Filistiyawa cewa Wagner ya lalata muryoyin mawaƙa, wanda ya sa masu sauraro suka ji karar tsawar ƙungiyar makaɗa. Kamar dai sun yi yarjejeniya da Yankee mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, jarumin labarin Mark Twain, wanda ya yi korafin cewa waƙar Lohengrin yana damun ku. Lohengrin ne!

Har ila yau, akwai wani mummunan hali, har ma da halin cin mutunci ga mawaƙin Rasha: "Inda za ku je tare da rashin shiri da rashin al'ada don ɗaukar Wagner! Ba za ku sami komai ba.” A nan gaba, rayuwa ta ƙaryata waɗannan hasashe masu banƙyama. Matsayin Mariinsky ya samo a cikin 'yan wasansa da yawa ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na sassan Wagner repertoire… "

Wani fitaccen kololuwa da mawaƙi ya ci shine ɓangaren Grishka Kuterma a cikin wasan opera Rimsky-Korsakov The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh da Maiden Fevronia. Rimsky-Korsakov gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma Yershov gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Sadko na daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan, wanda shi kansa mawakin ya lura da shi. Ya yi fice sosai Berendey a cikin Snow Maiden, Mikhail Tucha a cikin Maid na Pskov. Amma babban nasara na singer shine ƙirƙirar hoton Grishka Kuterma, ya fara taka rawa a cikin 1907.

Daraktan wannan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki VP Shkaber ya ce: “Mai zanen ya ji daɗaɗɗen abubuwan wahala da baƙin ciki na ɗan adam, ya nutse cikin buguwa, inda aka yi hasarar rayukan ’yan Adam a banza. Halin da ya hauka, lokacin mutum tare da Tatars a cikin gandun daji, tare da Fevronia - duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na masu zane-zane sun kasance masu girma sosai cewa hoton Grishka da Yershov ya yi ya cancanci ba kawai na sha'awa ba, har ma da mafi zurfi. sha'awa ga gwaninta na mai zane: don haka cikakke, m, tare da fasaha mai girma, ya bayyana mafi girman motsin zuciyarsa ... Matsayin Grishka ya ƙare da shi zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta daki-daki, tare da cikar sculptural - kuma wannan yana cikin yanayin yanayi. matsananciyar hawan.

Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, da yake jawabi ga mai zane a madadin iyalin mawaƙa, ya rubuta: "Ni da kaina, da kuma sauran membobin gidan Nikolai Andreevich, wanda nake magana a madadinsa a nan, na tuna yadda marubucin Kitezh ya yaba sosai. gwanintar ku na fasaha da kuma, musamman, tare da gamsuwa da ya kalli jaririnsa Grishka Kuterma a cikin nau'i na Ershov.

Fassarar ku na rawar Kuterma tana da zurfi sosai kuma mutum ɗaya dole ne ku gane ƙwaƙƙwaran yancin kai a cikin wannan post ɗin na fasaha. Kun saka hannun jari a Grishka babban yanki na rayuwar ku, ran ɗan adam, saboda haka ina da hakkin in faɗi cewa kamar yadda babu kuma ba zai iya zama na biyu Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, don haka babu kuma ba zai iya zama irin wannan Grishka na biyu ba.

Kuma kafin 1917, da kuma a cikin shekaru bayan juyin juya hali, Rasha tenor aka miƙa m kwangila a kasashen waje. Duk da haka, duk rayuwarsa ya kasance mai aminci ga mataki inda ya fara ƙirƙirar hanyarsa - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky.

Da yake taya mawaƙin murnar cika shekaru 25 na ayyukansa na kirkire-kirkire, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci AV Amfiteatrov ya rubuta, musamman ga Ivan Vasilyevich: “Idan kuna son yin magana a kan yawon shakatawa, da kun kasance biloniya tuntuni. Idan kun gangara zuwa irin wannan dabarun talla, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayin fasaha na yanzu, da duka sassan biyu sun cika da kuka game da ku tuntuni. Amma kai, firist mai tsauri kuma mai hikimar fasaha, ya wuce ta duk wannan tsiro da hayaniya ba tare da ko kalle ta ba. Tsaye da gaskiya da ladabi a cikin "madaidaicin matsayi" da kuka zaɓa, ku kusan kusan babu misaltuwa, misali mai ƙima na 'yancin kai na fasaha, kuna ƙin duk wata hanyar fasaha ta nasara da fifiko a tsakanin abokan aikinku… domin "rawar nasara" don girman kai ya kawo cikin haikalin fasaharsa wani aikin da bai cancanta ba, mara nauyi.

A gaskiya dan kishin kasa, Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, barin mataki, kullum tunani game da makomar mu m gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da sha'awar kawo m matasa masu fasaha a Opera Studio na Leningrad Conservatory, wanda Mozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov suka shirya. , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein akwai. Da girman kai da kunya, ya taƙaita hanyarsa ta kirkira da waɗannan kalmomi: “Aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ko malamin kiɗa, na fara jin ɗan ƙasa mai ’yanci wanda gwargwadon iyawarsa, yana aiki don amfanin al’ummar gurguzanci. .”

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1943.