Makadan Kotu |

Rukunin makada na Rasha. An kirkiro shi a cikin 1882 a St. A gaskiya ma, ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar makaɗa 2 - wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ƙungiyar makaɗar iska. Da yawa mawaƙa na Kotun Orchestra sun buga duka a cikin kade-kade da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar tagulla (a kan kayan kida daban-daban). Bisa ga misalin mawakan soja, mawaƙa na "mawaƙa" an jera su a matsayin ma'aikatan soja, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a jawo hankalin masu fasaha da aka tsara a cikin sojojin (an ba da fifiko ga waɗanda suka san yadda ake kunna kida biyu - kirtani da iska). .

M. Frank shine farkon mawaƙin "mawaƙa"; a 1888 ya maye gurbinsa da GI Varlik; daga 1882, sashin wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance mai kula da bandmaster G. Fliege, bayan mutuwarsa (a cikin 1907) Warlich ya kasance babban mai kula da bandeji. Mawakan sun yi wasa a fadoji a ƙwallo na kotu, liyafar liyafar, a lokacin bukukuwan sarauta da na tsarin mulki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da shiga cikin kide-kide da wasan kwaikwayo a kotun Gatchina, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hermitage.

Rufe yanayin ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ya bayyana a matakin fasaha na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin abun ciki, wanda ya kasance na yanayin sabis (tafiya, gawa, waƙoƙin yabo). Shugabannin kungiyar kade-kade sun nemi su wuce hidimar da'irar kotuna, don nemo hanyoyin isa ga jama'a. An sauƙaƙa wannan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen kide kide da wake-wake a kan matakin bazara na Lambun Peterhof, darussan tufafi na jama'a, da kuma kide-kide a cikin dakunan kotuna na Chapel Chapel da Majalisar Noma.

A cikin 1896, "mawaƙa" ya zama farar hula kuma an canza shi zuwa ƙungiyar Orchestra na Kotun, kuma membobinta sun sami haƙƙin masu fasaha na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarki. Daga 1898, an ƙyale ƙungiyar Orchestra ta Kotun ta ba da kide-kide na jama'a da aka biya. Duk da haka, sai a shekara ta 1902 ne aka fara shigar da wakokin gargajiya na yammacin Turai da na Rasha a cikin shirye-shiryen kide-kide na Orchestra na Kotun. A lokaci guda kuma, a kan yunƙurin na Varlich, "Taron Orchestral of Musical News" ya fara gudanar da tsare-tsare, shirye-shiryen wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi ayyukan da aka yi a Rasha a karon farko.

Tun 1912, Kotun Orchestra da aka tasowa da fadi da kewayon ayyuka (kungiyoyin kade-kade suna samun daraja), rike da hawan keke na tarihi kide kide na Rasha da kuma kasashen waje music (tare da rare laccoci), musamman kide kide kide da memory na AK Lyadov. SI Taneyev, AN Scriabin. Wasu kide-kide na kungiyar Orchestra na Kotun an gudanar da su ne daga manyan masu wasan kwaikwayo na kasashen waje (R. Strauss, A. Nikish, da sauransu). A cikin waɗannan shekaru, ƙungiyar Orchestra ta Kotun ta sami nasara ta musamman wajen haɓaka ayyukan kiɗan Rasha.

Ƙungiyar Orchestra ta Kotun tana da ɗakin karatu na kiɗa da gidan kayan tarihi na kiɗa-tarihi. A cikin Maris 1917 kungiyar Orchestra ta zama Mawakan Symphony na Jiha. Dubi Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Rasha ta St. Petersburg Philharmonic.

IM Yampolsky