Clarinet: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, sauti, nau'ikan, tarihi, amfani

Maƙwabci daga sanannen waƙar Edita Piekha, yana wasa da clarinet da ƙaho, mai yiwuwa ya kasance ainihin mai amfani da kayan aiki da yawa. Kayan kida guda biyu, ko da yake suna cikin rukunin iska, sun bambanta. Na farko itace itace mai bawul, na biyu shine bakin tagulla tare da bawuloli. Amma yawancin ɗaliban makarantar kiɗa da ke koyon yin tagulla suna farawa da ƙaramin “dangi”.

Menene clarinet

Kyakkyawar wakilin dangin tagulla ya mamaye wuri na musamman a cikin mawaƙa na kade-kade. Sauti mai yawa da katako mai laushi, mai daraja yana bawa mawaƙa damar amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar kiɗa iri-iri. Musamman ga clarinet, Mozart, Gershwin, Handel ya rubuta kiɗa. Mawaƙi Sergei Prokofiev sanya shi mai zaman kanta rawar da cat a cikin symphonic tatsuniya Peter da Wolf. Kuma N. Rimsky-Korsakov ya yi amfani da Lel a cikin wasan opera The Snow Maiden a cikin waƙoƙin makiyayi.

clarinet kayan aikin katako ne na Reed tare da sanda guda ɗaya. Nasa ne na rukunin iska. Babban fasalin da aka bambanta daga sauran 'yan uwa shine damar da za ta iya bayyanawa, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da shi solo, a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa, don yin kiɗan nau'i daban-daban: jazz, folk, ethno, classics.

na'urar Clarinet

Yana kama da bututu da aka yi da itace. Tsawon jikin yana da kusan santimita 70. Yana da rugujewa, ya ƙunshi sassa shida:

• bakin baki;
• gwangwani;
• gwiwa na sama;
• ƙananan gwiwa;
• ganga;
• busa ƙaho.

Ana samar da sauti ta hanyar hura iska ta cikin maɓalli mai lanƙwasa baki. Ana shigar da sanda a ciki. An ƙayyade girman sautin ta girman ginshiƙin iska a cikin na'urar. Ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar hadaddun tsarin sanye take da tsarin bawul.

Clarinet kayan aiki ne mai jujjuyawa. Misalai na yau da kullun suna cikin tuning "Si" da "La". Ana kuma kiran su "sopranos". Wasu nau'ikan sun wanzu kuma suna jin daɗin yancin yin sauti a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, daga cikinsu akwai ƙarar sauti da ƙaranci. Tare suke da iyali duka.

Clarinet yana da girma

Masu fara clarinetists sun fara horo tare da su. Na farko a hannun matasa mawaƙa shine kayan aiki a cikin tsarin "Do". Yana yin sauti daidai bisa ga bayanin kula, don haka yana sauƙaƙa sanin abubuwan yau da kullun. Sopranino da piccolo ba safai aka amince da su zuwa solo a cikin makada. A cikin rajista na sama suna jin rashin ƙarfi, kaifi tare da ƙarar ƙara. Misalai a cikin “a cikin C” ƙwararru kusan ba sa amfani da su.

clarinet yana ƙara ƙasa

Sun bambanta da waɗanda aka jera a sama ba kawai a cikin farar ba, har ma a cikin tsari da girma. Don yin su, ana amfani da sassan ƙarfe. Ba kamar altos ba, kararrawa da bututunsu an yi su ne da ƙarfe. Yana da siffa mai lanƙwasa, kamar saxophone, tana lanƙwasa don sauƙin yin wasa. A cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, bass, contrabass, da ƙaho na basset sune nau'ikan sauti mafi ƙanƙanta.

Menene sautin clarinet?

Sautin timbre mai laushi ba shine kawai amfanin kayan aikin ba. Babban fasalinsa shine samun canji mai sauƙi a cikin layi mai ƙarfi. Ya bambanta daga sauti mai tsanani, mai bayyanawa zuwa raƙuman sauti, kusan sautin disashewa.

Kewayon yana da yawa, kusan octaves huɗu ne. A cikin ƙaramin hali, haifuwa yana da duhu. Canza sautin zuwa sama yana bayyana haske, sautunan dumi. Rijista na sama yana ba da damar sake haifar da sauti masu kaifi, masu hayaniya.

Yankin bayyanawa yana da girma sosai wanda babban mawaki VA Mozart ya kwatanta kayan aikin da muryar ɗan adam. Wasan kwaikwayo, ƙididdige ƙididdiga, wasan kwaikwayo, sauti mai ban sha'awa - duk abin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan wakilin iyali na iska.

Tarihin clarinet

A cikin karni na XNUMX, mawaƙa sun buga wasan chalumeau. Wannan kayan aikin jama'a na ƙasar Faransa ne. An yi imani da cewa Bavarian ta asali IK zai iya zuwa tare da clarinet. Denner. Ya ɗauki sautin chalumeau a matsayin mara kyau, kuma ya yi aiki don inganta ƙirarsa. A sakamakon haka, bututun katako yana da bawul a baya. Ta danna shi da babban yatsan hannun dama, mai yin ya fassara sautin zuwa cikin octave na biyu.

Siffofin katako sun yi kama da na clarine, gama gari a wancan lokacin. Wannan ƙaho yana da sauti mai haske. Asalin sunan yana da tushen kudancin Turai. An kira sabon kayan aikin clarinetto - ƙaramin bututu da aka fassara daga Italiyanci. Chalumeau da Clarinet duk sun shahara a Faransa. Amma faffadan damar na karshen ya zama sharadi don kawar da magabata.

Ɗan IK Denner Yakubu ya ci gaba da aikin mahaifinsa. Ya ƙirƙira clarinet mai-bawul. Sauran mashahuran masanan na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX sun yi nasara wajen inganta samfuran Yakubu ta hanyar ƙara bawul na uku, na huɗu da na biyar. Samfurin Zh-K ya zama na zamani. Lefevre tare da bawuloli shida.

Wannan haɓakar ƙira bai ƙare a nan ba. A cikin karni na XNUMX, makarantu biyu na wasan clarinette sun fito. Rabin farko na karni na sha tara ya kasance alama ce ta farin ciki na kayan aikin da ake kira clarinet na Jamus. An sanye shi da bawuloli na annular, wanda mawaƙin mawaƙa na kotun Munich Theobald Böhm ya yanke shawarar amfani da shi. Masanin clarinetist Oskar Ehler ya inganta wannan ƙirar. An yi amfani da tsarin clarinet na Jamus a Turai na dogon lokaci, har sai wani tsarin ya bayyana - tsarin Faransanci. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ɗaya da ɗayan ya ta'allaka ne a cikin matakin bayyanar da sauti, fasahar samar da bakin magana, da sauran bayanai. Clarinet na Faransanci ya fi dacewa da wasa na virtuoso, amma yana da ɗan bayyanawa da ƙarfin sauti. Bambanci ya kasance a cikin tsarin bawul.

Masana'antun zamani suna ci gaba da inganta sassan clarinet ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban, suna fadada aikin tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu yawa, sanduna, screws. A Rasha, Jamus, Ostiriya, ana amfani da tsarin gargajiya bisa ka'idojin Jamus bisa ga al'ada.

Daban-daban na clarinets

Rarraba kayan aikin yana da yawa sosai. An ƙaddara ta hanyar sautin da timbre. Karamin clarinet (piccolo) ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba. Ƙungiyar ta fi yawan amfani da "basset" tare da ƙayyadaddun timbre na "lalle". Ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa:

• bass - ba a cika amfani da solo ba, galibi ana amfani dashi don haɓaka muryoyin bass;
• contralto - an haɗa shi a cikin maƙallan tagulla;
• biyu bass - ba ka damar cire mafi ƙasƙanci bayanin kula, mafi girma daga kowane iri.

A cikin rukunin sojan tagulla na Amurka, ana amfani da kayan aikin alto sosai. Suna da sauti mai ƙarfi, cikakken sauti, bayyanawa.

Clarinet fasaha

Kamar yadda sabbin nau'ikan suka bayyana, kayan aikin sun inganta, fasahar mallakar ta kuma ta canza. Godiya ga motsin fasaha na wannan wakilin dangin iska, mai yin wasan zai iya buga ma'auni na chromatic, karin waƙa mai ma'ana, sake haifar da overtones, sassa.

Iyakoki daga "Mi" na ƙaramin octave zuwa "Yi" na hudu yana ba da damar kayan aiki don shiga cikin yawancin ayyuka. Mawaƙin yana wasa ta hanyar hura iska cikin rami a cikin bakin baki da sandar. Tsawon ginshiƙi, tonality, timbre ana tsara su ta hanyar bawuloli.

Fitattun clarinetists

A cikin tarihin kiɗa, ana lura da virtuosos waɗanda suka ƙware da dabarar wasan clarinetto. Mafi shahara:

• GJ Berman mawaƙin Jamus ne wanda ya sake duba yawancin ayyukan farko na Weber kuma ya daidaita su zuwa sautin kayan aiki;
• A. Stadler - ana kiransa da farko mai yin ayyukan Mozart;
• V. Sokolov - a cikin shekarun Soviet, wannan mai wasan kwaikwayo ya karbi cikakken zauren magoya bayan sauti na gargajiya a birane daban-daban na kasar da kasashen waje.

B. Goodman ya sami babban matsayi a jazz. Ana kiransa "Sarkin Swing". Wani lamari mai ban sha'awa yana da alaƙa da sunan jazzman - a ɗaya daga cikin tallace-tallace na Turai, an sayar da kayan aikinsa na dala dubu 25. Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Rasha ta dogara ne akan kwarewa da aikin S. Rozanov. Littattafan zamani sun hada da zane-zanensa. A matsayin farfesa a Moscow Conservatory, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen ilimi, bisa ga abin da ake koyar da mawaƙa a yau.