Instrumentovedenie |

Sashen ilimin kiɗan da ke magana da nazarin asali da haɓaka kayan aiki, ƙirar su, timbre da acoustic. kaddarorin da kiɗa.-bayyana. dama, da kuma rarraba kayan aiki. I. yana da alaƙa sosai tare da muses. al'adun gargajiya, ethnography, fasahar kayan aiki da acoustics. Akwai manyan sassa guda biyu na I. Abinda ɗayansu shine Nar. kayan aikin kiɗa, wani - abin da ake kira. masu sana'a, sun haɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, ruhu. da estr. makada, daban. jam'iyya ensembles da kuma amfani da kansa. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na asali daban-daban na nazarin kayan aiki - ilimin kiɗa da kwayoyin halitta (organographic).

Wakilan hanyar farko suna la'akari da kayan aiki a matsayin hanyar sake haifar da kiɗa da kuma nazarin su dangane da kiɗa. kerawa da aiki. Masu goyon bayan hanya ta biyu suna mayar da hankali kan ƙirar kayan aiki da juyin halittarsa. Abubuwan I. - hotuna na farko na kayan aiki da bayanin su - sun samo asali tun kafin zamaninmu. tsakanin al'ummar Dr. Gabas - a Masar, Indiya, Iran, Sin. A cikin Sin da Indiya, farkon nau'ikan tsarin tsarin kayan gargajiya kuma sun haɓaka. kayan aiki. Dangane da tsarin whale, an raba kayan aikin zuwa nau'ikan 8 dangane da kayan da aka yi su: dutse, ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, itace, fata, gourd, ƙasa (laka) da siliki. Ind. Tsarin ya raba kayan aikin zuwa ƙungiyoyi 4 bisa tsarin su da kuma hanyar motsa jiki na girgizar sauti. Bayani game da sauran gabas. Masana kimiyya, mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun cika kayan aikin da mahimmanci: Abu Nasr al-Farabi (ƙarni na 8-9th), marubucin "Babban Yarda da Kiɗa" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (9th-10th century). 11 ƙarni), Ganjavi Nizami (ƙarni na 12-14), Alisher Navoi (ƙarni na 15-17), da kuma marubutan da yawa. rubuce-rubuce kan kiɗa - Dervish Ali (ƙarni na XNUMXth), da dai sauransu.

Bayanin farko na Turai na kayan aikin kiɗa na sauran Girkanci ne. masanin kimiyya Aristides Quintilian (karni na uku BC). Ayyukan farko na musamman akan I. sun bayyana a cikin ƙarni na 3 da 16. a Jamus - "Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") na Sebastian Firdung (rabin 17 na 2th - farkon ƙarni na 15), "Kiɗa na Jamusanci" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") Martin Agricola ( 16-1486) da Syntagma Musicium na Michael Praetorius (1556-1571). Waɗannan ayyukan sune mafi kyawun tushen bayanai game da Turai. kayan kida na wancan lokacin. Suna bayar da rahoto game da tsarin kayan kida, yadda ake kunna su, amfani da kayan kida a cikin solo, gungu da kuma orc. yi, da sauransu, ana ba da hotunan su. Babban mahimmanci ga ci gaban I. sune ayyukan Bela mafi girma. Marubucin kiɗa FJ Fetis (1621-1784). Littafinsa La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1871), mai dauke da bayanin kayan kida da yawa, a 1830 an buga shi da Rashanci. fassarar ƙarƙashin taken "Kiɗa mai sauƙin fahimta ga kowa". Fitacciyar rawar da ake takawa a cikin nazarin kiɗan. kayan aiki bambanta. ƙasashe sun buga "Encyclopedia of Music" ("Encyclopedie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire") na shahararren Faransanci. Masanin kade-kade A. Lavignac (1833-1846).

Bayanan farko game da Gabas.-Slav. (Rasha) music. kayan aikin suna kunshe a cikin tarihin, gudanarwa-ruhaniya da hagiographic. (hagiographic) wallafe-wallafen karni na 11. kuma daga baya sau. Ana samun nassoshi masu ɓarna a kansu a cikin Rumawa. masanin tarihi na karni na 7 Theophylact Simocatta kuma Balarabe. marubuci kuma matafiyi marigayi 9th - farkon. Karni na 10 Ibn Rusty. A cikin 16-17 ƙarni. Fassarar ƙamus sun bayyana ("ABCs"), inda ake samun sunayen muses. kayan aiki da Rashanci masu alaƙa. sharuddan. Bayanan farko na musamman na Rasha. nar. an aiwatar da kayan aikin a cikin karni na 18. Y. Shtelin a cikin labarin "Labarai game da Kiɗa a Rasha" (1770, a cikin Jamusanci, fassarar Rashanci a cikin littafin Y. Shtelin, "Kiɗa da Ballet a Rasha a cikin 1935th Century", 1780), SA Tuchkov a cikin " Bayanan kula. ” (1809-1908, ed. 1795) da M. Guthrie (Guthrie) a cikin littafin “Magana akan abubuwan tarihi na Rasha” (“Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie”, 19). Waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙunshi bayanai game da ƙirar kayan aikin da amfaninsu a cikin Nar. rayuwa da muz.-art. yi. Babin kiɗa. An sake buga kayan kida daga “Reasoning” na Guthrie a cikin Rashanci. harshe (a cikakke kuma a takaice). A farkon. Karni na XNUMX mai girma da hankali ga nazarin Rashanci. nar. An ba da kayan aikin VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy da DI Yazykov, waɗanda suka buga labarin game da su a cikin Encyclopedic Dictionary na AA Plushar.

Ci gaba a cikin karni na 19 alama. kiɗa, haɓakar solo, gungu da orc. wasan kwaikwayon, wadatar da ƙungiyar makaɗa da haɓaka kayan aikinta ya jagoranci mawaƙa don buƙatar zurfin nazarin abubuwan halayen halayen da maganganun fasaha. kayan aiki damar. Da farko da G. Berlioz da F. Gevaart, mawaƙa da masu gudanarwa a cikin littattafansu akan kayan aiki sun fara mai da hankali sosai ga bayanin kowane kayan aiki da halayen amfani da shi a cikin orc. yi. Yana nufin Rus kuma ya ba da gudummawar. mawaƙa. MI Glinka a cikin "Notes on Orchestration" (1856) da aka siffanta da hankali. da yi. yuwuwar kayan aikin symphonic. makada. Babban aikin NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (1913) har yanzu ana amfani. Banda PI Tchaikovsky ya ba da mahimmanci ga sanin fasalin kayan kida da ikon yin amfani da su yadda ya kamata a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Shi ne ya mallaki fassarar zuwa harshen Rashanci (1866) na "Jagorar Kayan aiki" ("Traité général d'instrumentation", 1863) na P. Gevart, wanda shine littafin farko akan I. A cikin gabatarwar shi, Tchaikovsky ya rubuta: " Dalibai… za su samu a cikin littafin Gevaart ingantaccen ra'ayi mai amfani game da rundunonin mawaƙa gabaɗaya da ɗaiɗaicin kowane kayan aikin musamman.”

Farkon samuwar I. a matsayin mai zaman kanta. An sanya reshe na ilimin kiɗa a cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 curators da shugabannin manyan gidajen tarihi na gidajen tarihi. kayan aikin - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne da Leipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), da dai sauransu Mayyon ya wallafa wani kimiyya mai girma biyar. kundin tarihin mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma tarin kayan kida na Brussels Conservatory a baya ("Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (tarihi da fasaha) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles", I, 1880).

Mutane da yawa sun sami shahara a duniya. bincike na K. Zaks a fagen nar. kuma Prof. kayan aikin kiɗa. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sune "Dictionary of Musical Instrumente" ("Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente", 1913), "Jagora zuwa Kayan aiki" ("Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde", 1920), "Ruhi da Samar da Kayan Kiɗa" ("Geist und"). Werden der Musikinstrumente, 1929), "Tarihin kayan kida" ("Tarihin kayan kida", 1940). A cikin harshen Rashanci, an buga littafinsa "Modern Orchestral Musical Instrument" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, fassarar Rashanci - M.-L., 1932). Mayon ya gabatar da rarrabuwa na farko na kimiyya na Muses. kayan aiki, rarraba su bisa ga sautin jiki zuwa nau'ikan 4: autophonic (sautin kai), membrane, iska da kirtani. Godiya ga wannan, I. ya sami ingantaccen tushen kimiyya. E. Hornbostel da K. Sachs sun haɓaka da kuma tsabtace tsarin Mayon ("Systematics of Musical Instrument" - "Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Tsarin rarrabuwar su yana dogara ne akan ma'auni guda biyu - tushen sauti ( fasalin rukuni) da yadda ake fitar da shi (siffar nau'ikan). Bayan sun riƙe rukunoni guda huɗu (ko azuzuwan) iri ɗaya - wayoyi, wayoyin membrano, wayoyin iska da wayoyi, sun raba kowannen su zuwa kashi da yawa. iri. Tsarin rarrabawar Hornbostel-Sachs shine mafi kamala; ya samu karbuwa mafi fadi. Kuma duk da haka guda ɗaya, tsarin yarda gaba ɗaya na rarrabuwa na muses. kayan aikin ba su wanzu ba tukuna. Ƙwararrun kayan aiki na ƙasashen waje da na Soviet suna ci gaba da yin aiki a kan ƙarin gyare-gyare na rarrabuwa, wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar sababbin tsare-tsare. KG Izikovich a cikin aikinsa a kan kiɗa. Kayan kida na Kudancin Amurka Indiyawa ("Kiɗa da sauran kayan kida na Indiyawan Kudancin Amirka", 1935), gabaɗaya suna manne da tsarin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na Hornbostel-Sachs, sun faɗaɗa sosai kuma sun daidaita rarraba kayan zuwa nau'ikan. A cikin labarin game da kayan aikin kiɗa, publ. a cikin bugu na 2 na Great Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 28, 1954), IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov da DR Rogal-Levitsky sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙara ƙungiyoyin "reed" (ciki har da flexatone) da "faranti" (inda tubophone). tare da bututunsa na ƙarfe su ma sun faɗi), ta haka ne ya maye gurbin sifa ta rukuni (tushen sauti) da wani nau'i na ɗaya (ƙirar kayan aiki). Mai bincike na Slovak Nar. kayan kida L. Leng a cikin aikinsa a kan su ("Slovenskй lаdove hudebne nastroje", 1959) gaba daya ya watsar da tsarin Hornbostel-Sachs kuma ya dogara da tsarin rarraba shi akan siffofi na jiki-acoustic. Ya raba kayan kida zuwa rukunoni 3: 1) wayoyi, 2) wayoyi na membrano, wayoyi da wayoyi, 3) lantarki da lantarki. kayan aiki.

Tsarin rarrabuwa kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama ana samun amfani da su kusan a cikin adabin AD. Kayan aiki, waɗanda suke da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da siffofin, a cikin ayyukan da aka sadaukar da su zuwa Farfesa. kayan aiki, musamman a cikin littattafan karatu da uch. Littattafai akan kayan aiki, an daɗe ana amfani da su (duba, alal misali, aikin Gewart da aka ambata a sama) ya kafu na gargajiya. Rarraba kayan kida zuwa iska (katako da tagulla), igiyoyi masu ruku'u da fizge, kaɗa da maɓallan madannai (Gaba, piano, harmonium). Duk da cewa wannan tsarin rarrabawa ba shi da aibi ta fuskar kimiyya (alal misali, yana rarraba sarewa da saxophone da aka yi da ƙarfe a matsayin iskar itace), kayan aikin kansu suna rarraba bisa ga ma'auni daban-daban - iska da igiyoyi suna bambanta da sauti. source, percussion - ta hanyar sauti. cirewa, da maɓallan maɓalli - ta hanyar ƙira), yana cika cikakkun bukatun lissafin kuɗi. da yi. ayyuka.

Yana aiki akan I. pl. Masana kimiyya na kasashen waje, ch. arr. organologists (ciki har da K. Sachs), abin da ake kira. Hanyar binciken yanki bisa ga martanin da F. Grebner ya gabatar. Ka'idar ka'idar "da'irar al'adu". Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, irin wannan abubuwan da aka gani a cikin al'adun Dec. mutane (saboda haka kayan kida) sun fito ne daga cibiya guda. A gaskiya ma, suna iya faruwa a cikin Dec. al'ummomi daban-daban, dangane da nasu tarihin zamantakewa. ci gaba. Babu ƙarancin shahara shine kwatancen rubutu. hanyar da ba ta la’akari da haduwar fiyayyen halitta, ko kasantuwar ko rashin sadarwa ta tarihi da al’adu tsakanin al’ummomin da suke da alaka ko dangi. kayan aiki. Ayyukan da aka sadaukar don matsalolin rubutu suna ƙara yaɗuwa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana la'akari da kayan aiki a cikin su a cikin cikakkiyar keɓe daga amfani da su a cikin kiɗa. yi. Irin waɗannan, alal misali, sune nazarin G. Möck (Jamus) akan nau'ikan Europ. busa sarewa (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) da O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) akan hanyar aiki na nau’in kayan kida na jama’a (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikin”) . a cikin "Nazarin Kayan Aikin Kiɗa na Jama'a" ("Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis", t. 1, 1969). Irin wannan na zamani ne ya ba da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen nazarin kayan kida na jama'a. kayan aiki, irin su I. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), kwararre a fannin Larabci. kayan aikin G. Farmer (Ingila) da sauran su. da dai sauransu Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jamus (GDR). Tare da Tarihin Kiɗa na Yaren mutanen Sweden A cikin 1966, gidan kayan gargajiya ya fara buga babban aikin babban juzu'i da yawa Handbook of European Folk Musical Instrument (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), edita ta E. Stockman da E. Emsheimer. Ana ƙirƙira wannan aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar masu amfani da kayan aiki da yawa. kasashe kuma cikakken jerin bayanai ne kan tsarin kayan kida, yadda ake kunna su, masu yin kida. dama, na hali repertoire, aikace-aikace a rayuwar yau da kullum, tarihi. baya, da sauransu. Ɗaya daga cikin kundin "Handbuch" an sadaukar da shi ga muses. kayan aikin mutanen Turai. sassa na Tarayyar Soviet.

Yawan daraja n.-i. ayyuka sun bayyana akan tarihin prof. kayan kida - littattafan "Tarihin kade-kade" ("Tarihin Orchestration", 1925) A. Kaps (fassara na Rasha 1932), "Kayan Kiɗa" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (fassarar Rashanci). . 1959), "Kayan kida na Tsohuwar Turai" ("Kayan Kiɗa na Tsohon Turai", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Kayan iska da tarihin su" ("Woodwind kida da tarihin su", 1957) A. Baynes, "Mafarin na wasan akan kidan kirtani” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) na B. Bachmann, monographs, sadaukar da otd. kayan kida, - "Bassoon" ("Der Fagott", 1899) na W. Haeckel, "Oboe" ("The Oboe", 1956) ta P. Bate, "Clarinet" ("The clarinet", 1954) na P. Rendall da sauransu.

Yana nufin Littafin mai girma da yawa "Tarihin Kiɗa a cikin Misalai" ("Musikgeschichte a Bildern"), wanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin GDR, kuma yana da sha'awar kimiyya; zai shiga. labarai zuwa sep. kundila da annotations na wannan bugu sun ƙunshi bayanai da yawa game da muses. kayan aiki daban-daban. mutanen duniya.

A Rasha a ƙarshen 19th - farawa. Karni na 20 a fannin kayan aikin kiɗa sun yi aiki pl. masu bincike - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas da sauransu. Sun tattara mafi arziƙin kida da kade-kade. kayan, musamman a cikin Rashanci. kayan aikin, buga ma'ana. yawan ayyuka da kuma aza harsashi na fatherlands. I. Yabo na musamman a cikin wannan na Famintsyn da Privalov ne. Kyakkyawan misali dangane da faɗin ɗaukar hoto na rubuce-rubuce da alamomi. Maɓuɓɓuka da ƙwarewar amfani da su shine ayyukan Famintsyn, musamman "Gusli - kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha" (1890) da "Domra da kayan kida na mutanen Rasha" (1891), kodayake Famintsyn ya kasance mai goyon bayan organological. hanya don haka yayi nazarin Ch. arr. kayan aiki, kusan gaba ɗaya ketare al'amurran da suka shafi amfani da su a cikin nar. rayuwa da fasaha. yi. Ya bambanta da shi, Privalov ya biya main. hankali ga wadannan batutuwa. Privalov ya rubuta labarai da yawa da manyan karatu game da Rashanci. da Belarushiyanci. kayan aiki, game da samuwar da kuma matakin farko na ci gaban Nar. kayan aikin VV Andreev. Ayyukan Famintsyn da Privalov sun zama abin koyi ga sauran masu amfani da kayan aiki. Maslov ya rubuta "Bayyana Bayanan Kayan Kayan Kiɗa da Aka Ajiye a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ethnographic na Dashkovsky a Moscow" (1909), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin haɗin kai na shekaru masu yawa. wata majiya wacce masu kida na kasashen waje suka zana bayanai game da kayan aikin mutanen da ke zaune a Rasha. Karatun Rashanci. nar. kayan aikin, wanda Andreev ya gudanar, ya kasance gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin mai amfani. maƙasudai: ya nemi ya arzuta ƙungiyar makaɗarsa da sabbin kayan kida. Godiya ga ayyukan Lysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan da sauran muses. Kayayyakin na Ukrainians, Georgians, Uzbek, Latvia da sauran al'ummomi sun zama sananne a wajen yankin da aka dade ana amfani da su.

Mujiya. I. yana neman karanta waƙa. kayan kida suna da alaƙa da kida mara iyaka. kerawa, fasaha. da mai aikin gida. aiki da tarihin gama gari. tsarin ci gaban al'adu da fasaha-va. Ci gaban kiɗa. kerawa yana haifar da haɓaka aiki. sana'a, dangane da wannan, ana sanya sabbin buƙatu akan ƙirar kayan aikin. Mafi kyawun kayan aiki, bi da bi, yana haifar da abubuwan da ake buƙata don ƙarin haɓaka kayan kida, kiɗa da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

A cikin Sov. Ƙungiyar tana da ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da shahararru akan I. Idan a baya Ch. arr. Sojojin Rasha. masana kimiyya, yanzu an cika shi da masana kide-kide daga kusan dukkanin Tarayyar Turai da jumhuriya da yankuna masu cin gashin kansu. An rubuta nazarin akan kayan aikin yawancin mutanen USSR, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don kwatanta. karatunsu. Daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyuka: "Musical Instruments ga Ukrainian Jama'ar" by G. Khotkevich (1930), "Musical Instruments na Uzbekistan" na VM Belyaev (1933), "Georgian Musical Instruments" na DI Arakishvili (1940, a Georgian harshen. ), "Kayan kiɗan ƙasa na Mari" na YA Eshpay (1940), "Kayan kidan jama'a na Ukraine" na A. Gumenyuk (1967), "Kayan kiɗan jama'a na Abkhazian" na IM Khashba (1967), "Kayan kida na jama'a na Moldovan" LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments na Jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet" (1963), da dai sauransu.

Mujiya. masu kida da kide-kide sun kirkiro hanyoyi. adadin takardun kimiyya game da prof. kayan aikin kiɗa da prof. yi. da'awar-ve. Daga cikinsu akwai BA Struve's The Process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959), PN Zimin's The Piano in Its past and Present (1934, mai suna Tarihin Piano da magabata, 1967) da sauransu. ., da kuma babban birnin kasar mai juzu'i hudu littafin "Modern Orchestra" na DR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Ci gaban matsalolin I. da kuma nazarin kiɗa. kayan aikin suna tsunduma cikin tarihi. da yi. sassan masu kiyayewa, a cikin cibiyoyin bincike na kiɗa; a Birnin Leningrad. a cikin waɗancan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa da fina-finai akwai na musamman. sashen I.

Mujiya. I. kuma yana nufin bayar da taimako ga ƙwararrun mawaƙa, masu ƙira da instr. masters a cikin aikin ingantawa da sake gina bunks. kayan aiki, inganta ingancin sautinsu, fasaha-yi da fasaha.-bayyana. dama, samar da iyalai don tarawa da orc. yi. Ka'idar da gwaji. Ana gudanar da aiki a wannan hanya a ƙarƙashin manyan nat. ensembles da Orchestras, a cibiyoyi, music. ku uch. cibiyoyi, gidaje kerawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na masana'anta da ofisoshin ƙira, da kuma dep. manyan masu sana'a.

A cikin wasu mujiya. conservatories karanta na musamman. karatun kida. I., gabanin kwas ɗin kayan aiki.

References: Privalov HI, Kiɗa na iska na mutanen Rasha, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1906-08; Belyaev VM, kiɗan Turkmen, M., 1928 (tare da VA Uspensky); nasa, Kayan Kiɗa na Uzbekistan, M., 1933; Yampolsky IM, fasahar violin na Rasha, sashi na 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, Rashanci. per. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (kafin buga asalin Faransanci), M., 1934; Farmer H., Kiɗa da kayan kida na Larabawa, NY-L., 1916; nasa, Nazarin a kayan kida na Gabas, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Tarihin kayan kida, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 kayan aikin kiɗa.

KA Vertkov