Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

Art kalubale ne ga falsafar. Majalisar Falsafa ta Duniya 1985

A. Schnittke yana daya daga cikin mafi girma Soviet composers na abin da ake kira ƙarni na biyu. Aikin Schnittke yana nuna kulawa sosai ga matsalolin zamani, ga makomar ɗan adam da al'adun ɗan adam. Yana da alaƙa da manyan ra'ayoyi, bambancin wasan kwaikwayo, tsananin magana na sautin kiɗa. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, bala'i na fashewar bam, gwagwarmaya da mugayen mugunta a duniya, bala'in ɗabi'a na cin amanar ɗan adam, da roƙon kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin halayen ɗan adam sun sami farin ciki.

Babban nau'ikan aikin Schnittke shine symphonic da ɗakin. Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiri waƙoƙin karimci 5 (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 concertos na violin da makada (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); kade-kade na obo da garaya (1970), na piano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); Mawaƙa Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K) ein Sommernachtstraum (Ba Shakespearean ba, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade don mawaƙa 5 (1968); piano quintet (1976) da ƙungiyar makaɗarsa - "A cikin memoriam" (1978); "Biography" don kaɗa (1982), Anthems for Ensemble (1974-79), String Trio (1985); 2 sonatas don violin da piano (1963, 1968), Sonata don cello da piano (1978), "Sadaka ga Paganini" don violin solo (1982).

Yawancin ayyukan Schnittke an yi niyya don mataki; da ballets Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) da kuma mataki abun da ke ciki The Yellow Sound (1974).

Kamar yadda salon mawaƙin ya samo asali, waƙoƙin murya da mawaƙa sun ƙara zama mahimmanci a cikin aikinsa: Waƙoƙi guda uku na Marina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), Madrigals uku (1980), “Minnesang” (1981), “Labarin Dr. Johann Faust" (1983), Concerto don mawaƙa a St. G. Narekatsi (1985), "Poems na tuba" (1988, zuwa 1000th ranar tunawa da baftisma na Rasha).

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine aikin Schnittke mai ban sha'awa a kan kiɗan fim: "Agony", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Hawan hawan", "Farewell", "Little Tragedies", "Matattu Souls", da dai sauransu.

Daga cikin masu yin kidan Schnittke na yau da kullun akwai manyan mawakan Soviet: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, quartets na Mosconcert, su. L. Beethoven da sauransu. Aikin masters na Soviet an san shi sosai a duk faɗin duniya.

Schnittke sauke karatu daga Moscow Conservatory (1958) da kuma post-digiri na biyu karatu (ibid., 1961) a cikin ajin na qagaggun da E. Golubev. A cikin 1961-72. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Moscow Conservatory, sa'an nan a matsayin mai zaman kansa artist.

Aiki na farko da ya bude "balagagge Schnittke" da kuma ƙaddara da yawa fasali na ci gaba da shi ne na biyu Violin Concerto. Jigogi na har abada na wahala, cin amana, cin nasara da mutuwa suna kunshe a nan a cikin ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, inda aka kafa layin "halayen halayen kirki" ta hanyar solo violin da rukuni na kirtani, layin "mara kyau" wadanda - raba bass biyu. kashe daga rukunin kirtani, iska, kaɗa, piano.

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan tsakiya na Schnittke shi ne Symphony na farko, babban ra'ayin wanda shine makomar fasaha, a matsayin abin da ya faru na ɗan adam a cikin duniyar zamani.

A karo na farko a cikin kiɗan Soviet, a cikin aiki ɗaya, an nuna babban panorama na kiɗa na kowane salon, nau'ikan da kwatance: gargajiya, kiɗan avant-garde, tsohuwar chorales, waltz na yau da kullun, polkas, maci, waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin guitar, jazz. , da dai sauransu. Mawaƙin ya yi amfani da hanyoyin polystylists a nan da haɗin gwiwa, da kuma dabarun "wasan kwaikwayo na kayan aiki" (motsi na mawaƙa a kan mataki). Filayen wasan kwaikwayo ya ba da jagora mai niyya ga haɓaka kayan masarufi masu ban sha'awa, banbance tsakanin fasaha na gaske da na gaske, kuma a sakamakon haka yana tabbatar da kyakkyawar manufa.

Schnittke ya yi amfani da polystylists a matsayin hanya mai haske don nuna rikici tsakanin jituwa na gargajiya na ra'ayi na duniya da na zamani a yawancin sauran ayyukansa - Violin Sonata na biyu, na biyu da na uku Symphonies, na uku da na hudu Violin Concertos, da Viola Concerto. "Sadakarwa ga Paganini", da dai sauransu.

Schnittke ya bayyana sababbin fuskoki na basirarsa a lokacin "retro", "sabon sauƙi", wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya bayyana a cikin kiɗa na Turai a cikin 70s. Da yake jin daɗin waƙar waƙar, ya ƙirƙiri requiem mai ban tausayi, Piano Quintet - yana aiki da tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyarsa, sannan mahaifinsa. Kuma a cikin abun da ake kira "Minnesang" don 52 solo muryoyin, da dama na gaske songs na Jamus minnesingers na XII-XIII ƙarni. ya hade cikin tsarin "super-voiced" na zamani (ya yi tunanin ƙungiyoyi suna raira waƙa a kan baranda na tsoffin biranen Turai). A lokacin "retro", Schnittke kuma ya juya zuwa jigogi na kiɗa na Rasha, ta yin amfani da tsoffin waƙoƙin Rashanci a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin taron.

80s ya zama ga mawaki wani mataki a cikin kira na lyrical da melodic ka'idodin, wanda ya bunƙasa a cikin "retro", tare da yawancin ra'ayoyin symphonic na zamanin da ya gabata. A cikin Symphony na Biyu, zuwa ga masana'antar kade-kade masu rikitarwa, ya kara da wani tsari mai ban sha'awa a cikin nau'ikan waƙoƙin Gregorian monophonic na gaske - "ƙarƙashin dome" na wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, tsohuwar taro ta yi sauti. A cikin Symphony na Uku, wanda aka rubuta don buɗe sabon zauren kide-kide na Gewandhaus (Leipzig), tarihin kiɗan Jamusanci (Austro-Jamus) tun daga tsakiyar zamanai har zuwa yau ana ba da shi ta hanyar alamu masu salo, fiye da jigogi 30. Ana amfani da - monograms na composers. Wannan abun da ke ciki yana ƙarewa da ƙarshen waƙa mai ratsa zuciya.

Rubutun kirtani na biyu shine haɗakar rubutattun waƙa ta tsohuwar Rasha da kuma ra'ayi mai ban mamaki na shirin symphonic. Dukkan kayan kiɗan nasa sun ƙunshi ambato daga littafin N. Uspensky "Samples of Old Russian Singing Art" - tsegumi na monophonic, stichera, waƙoƙin murya uku. A wasu lokuta, ana kiyaye sauti na asali, amma a cikin mahimmanci an canza shi da karfi - an ba shi rashin daidaituwa na zamani, zafi mai zafi na motsi.

A ƙarshen wannan aikin, wasan kwaikwayo yana kaifafa zuwa gabatar da makoki na dabi'a sosai, nishi. A karshe, ta hanyar kirtani quartet, an ƙirƙiri ruɗin sautin mawaƙa marar ganuwa da ke yin tsohuwar waƙa. Dangane da abun ciki da canza launi, wannan quartet yana nuna hotunan fina-finai na L. Shepitko "Hawan hawan" da "Farewell".

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da Schnittke ya yi mafi ban sha'awa shine cantata "Tarihin Dr. Johann Faust" bisa wani rubutu daga "Littafin Jama'a" a 1587. Hoton warlock, na al'ada ga al'adun Turai, wanda ya sayar da ransa ga shaidan. jin daɗin rayuwa, mawaki ya bayyana a mafi girman lokacin tarihinsa - lokacin azabtar da abin da suka aikata, gaskiya amma mai ban tsoro.

Mawaƙin ya ba da iko mai ɗaukar hankali ga kiɗa tare da taimakon dabarar rage salo mai salo - ƙaddamar da nau'in tango (Mephistopheles' aria, wanda pop contralto ya yi) zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen kisan kiyashin.

A cikin 1985, a cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, Schnittke ya rubuta 2 daga cikin manyan ayyukansa kuma mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa - mawaƙin mawaƙa akan waƙoƙin wani mai tunani na Armeniya kuma mawaƙi na ƙarni na XNUMX. G. Narekatsi and viola concert. Idan wasan kide-kide na choral cappella yana cike da hasken dutse mai haskakawa, to, viola Concerto ya zama bala'i mai sauti, wanda aka daidaita shi kawai ta kyawun kiɗan. Yawan wuce gona da iri daga aiki ya haifar da mummunar gazawar lafiyar mawakin. Komawa zuwa rayuwa da kerawa an buga su a cikin Cello Concerto, wanda a cikin tunaninsa yana kama da madubi-mai kama da viola: a cikin sashe na ƙarshe, cello, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, yana tabbatar da “muradin fasaha”.

Kasancewa cikin ƙirƙirar fina-finai, Schnittke ya zurfafa ƙarfin tunani na gabaɗaya, ƙirƙirar ƙarin motsin rai da ma'ana tare da kiɗa. Har ila yau, kiɗan fim ɗin ya yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ayyukan kide-kide: a cikin Symphony na Farko da Suite a cikin tsohuwar salon don violin da piano, kiɗa daga fim ɗin "Yau" ("Kuma duk da haka na yi imani") ya yi sauti, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko. grosso - tango daga "Agony" da jigogi daga "Butterfly", a cikin "Scenes Uku" don murya da kaɗa - kiɗa daga "Ƙananan Bala'i", da dai sauransu.

Schnittke haifaffen mahaliccin manyan zane-zane na kiɗa, ra'ayoyi a cikin kiɗa. Matsalolin duniya da al'adu, nagarta da mugunta, bangaskiya da shakku, rayuwa da mutuwa, wanda ya cika aikinsa, ya sa ayyukan Soviet masters su zama falsafar da aka bayyana a zuciya.

V. Kholopova