Alexander Dmitrievich Kastalsky |
Alexander Kastalsky
Mawaƙin Rasha, jagoran mawaƙa, mai bincike na tarihin kiɗan Rasha; daya daga cikin masu fara abin da ake kira. "sabon shugabanci" a cikin kida mai tsarki na Rasha na ƙarshen 19th - farkon ƙarni na 20th. Haife shi a Moscow ranar 16 ga Nuwamba (28), 1856 a cikin iyali na firist. A 1876-1881 ya yi karatu a Moscow Conservatory, amma ya kammala karatun shekaru da yawa bayan haka - a 1893 a cikin aji na SI Taneev. Ya dade yana koyarwa da gudanar da mawaka daban-daban a larduna. Tun 1887 ya kasance malamin piano a makarantar Synodal of Church Singing, sannan ya kasance mataimakin darektan kungiyar mawakan Synodal, daga 1900 ya zama madugu, daga 1910 ya zama darektan Makarantar Synodal da mawaka. Bayan da makarantar ta rikide zuwa Cibiyar Koyarwar Jama'a a 1918, ya jagoranci ta har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe a 1923. Tun 1922 ya zama farfesa a Moscow Conservatory, shugaban gudanarwa da mawaƙa, kuma shugaban sashen kiɗa na jama'a. . Kastalsky ya mutu a Moscow ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1926.
Kastalsky ne marubucin game da 200 tsarki ayyuka da kuma shirye-shirye, wanda ya kafa tushen mawaka (da kuma babban har concert) repertoire na Synodal Choir a cikin 1900s. Mawaƙin ya kasance farkon wanda ya tabbatar da yanayin halittar tsohuwar waƙoƙin Rasha tare da hanyoyin polyphony na gargajiya na gargajiya, da kuma al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka haɓaka a cikin ayyukan kliros, tare da ƙwarewar makarantar mawaƙa ta Rasha. Sau da yawa Kastalsky aka kira "Vasnetsov a music", da farko magana game da zanen VM Vasnetsov na Vladimir Cathedral a Kyiv, wanda ya mayar da hadisai na monumental fresco a cikin kasa style: style na alfarma music na Kastalsky, inda layi tsakanin tsarin (aiki) na waƙoƙin gargajiya da rubuce-rubuce a cikin ruhinsu, wanda kuma ke da alama da ƙima da tsauri. A matsayin darektan Synodal School, Kastalsky gudanar da canji a cikin Academy of Church Music, tare da horo a cikin shirye-shiryen da suka wuce matakin na Conservatory.
Wani muhimmin al'amari na aikinsa shine "maidowa kida": musamman ma, ya gudanar da sake gina tsohuwar wasan kwaikwayo na Liturgical na Rasha "The Cave Action"; a cikin sake zagayowar "Daga zamanin da" an gabatar da fasahar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Hellas, tsohuwar Roma, Yahudiya, Rasha, da dai sauransu a cikin hotuna na kiɗa. Kastalsky ya ƙirƙira wani babban cantata-requiem don soloists, mawaƙa da ƙungiyar makaɗa "Bikin Tunawa da Jaruman da suka Faɗo a cikin Babban Yaƙin" (1916; don tunawa da sojoji na sojojin kawance na yakin duniya na farko a cikin Rashanci, Latin, Ingilishi da Ingilishi). sauran matani; bugu na biyu don mawaƙa ba tare da rakiya ba - "Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa" zuwa rubutun Slavonic na Ikilisiya na hidimar tunawa, 1917). Mawallafin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi da aka yi na musamman don naɗa sarki Tikhon a Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a 1917-1918. Daga cikin ayyukan yau da kullun akwai opera Klara Milich bayan Turgenev (1907, wanda aka yi a Zimin Opera a 1916), Waƙoƙi game da ƙasar uwa zuwa ayoyi na mawaƙa na Rasha don mawaƙa marasa rakiya (1901-1903). Kastalsky ne marubucin ka'idar ayyukan Peculiarities na Rasha Folk Musical System (1923) da Fundamentals na Folk Polyphony (an buga a 1948). A kan yunƙurinsa, an fara gabatar da tsarin kiɗan jama'a na farko a Makarantar Synodal, sannan kuma a Moscow Conservatory.
A farkon 1920s Kastalsky na dan lokaci da gaske kokarin saduwa da "bukatun na zamani" da kuma haifar da dama m ayyuka ga mawaƙa da makada na jama'a kida, "Agricultural Symphony", da dai sauransu, kazalika da shirye-shirye na Soviet "juyin juya hali" waƙoƙi. Na dogon lokaci aikinsa na ruhaniya ya kasance ba a manta da shi ba a ƙasarsa; A yau, Kastalsky an gane shi a matsayin mai kula da "sabon yanayin" a cikin kiɗan cocin Rasha.
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