Kaho: na'urar kayan aiki, tarihi, sauti, iri, fasaha fasaha, amfani

Yawancin membobin ƙungiyar tagulla ba asalin kiɗa bane. Mutane suna buƙatar su ba da sigina yayin farauta, don fuskantar haɗari, don tattara yakin soja. Bututun ba banda. Amma tun farkon karni na XNUMX, ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa, sauti a cikin kiɗan kiɗa, kiɗan jazz, da solo.

Na'urar bututu

Ka'idar sautin kayan kida na iska ta ta'allaka ne a cikin rawar jiki da jujjuyawar layin iska a cikin bututu. Yayin da yake da tsawo, yawancin dama yana ba wa mawaƙa. A bututu yana da tsayi har zuwa santimita 150, amma saboda dalilai na haɓakawa yana lanƙwasa sau biyu, yana rage tsawon kayan aiki zuwa 50 cm.

Bututu yana da siffar silinda tare da diamita na sama da santimita kawai, yana faɗaɗa a hankali, yana juya zuwa soket. Fasahar masana'anta tana da rikitarwa. Yana da mahimmanci a lissafta daidai girman girman fadada soket don ya dace da tsawon babban tashar.

Abin sha'awa shine, akwai bututu mafi tsayi a duniya mai tsayin mita 32 da diamita na soket fiye da mita 5. A fili yake cewa mutum ba zai iya wasa da shi ba. Ana ba da iska zuwa tashar ta hanyar kwampreso.

Kayan aikin ya ƙunshi sassa uku: na'urar magana, bututu da kararrawa. Amma wannan na farko ne kuma mai nisa daga cikakken ra'ayin kayan aikin. A gaskiya ma, akwai wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci a cikinsa. Daga cikin cikakkun bayanai:

• bakin baki - yana haɗa kullin kunnuwa zuwa babban tashar;
• na farko, na biyu, na uku da rawanin kunnawa - tare da taimakon kambi na tsarin gabaɗaya da haɓakawa, an kunna kayan aiki, sauran ana amfani da su don kiyayewa;
• bawuloli - tsarin bawuloli, lokacin da aka rufe, canji a cikin tasirin sauti yana faruwa;
• magudanar ruwa - na'urar fasaha wadda ba ta da hannu wajen cire sauti.

Bututu da sassan kayan aikin an yi su ne da jan ƙarfe da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ana ba da haske na jiki ta lacquer, nickel ko plating na azurfa.

Tarihin kayan aiki

Kayayyakin iska sun bayyana tun kafin ƙirƙirar waƙa. An san cewa mutane sun koyi busa ƙaho ƙarni uku kafin zamaninmu. A zamanin d Misira, akwai wata fasaha ta musamman wacce za a iya yin bututu daga takarda guda na karfe.

A lokacin da ake tonowa a Masar, an gano bututun da aka yi da itace da harsashi. Kuma a cikin kabarin Tutankhamun, an gano kayan aikin da aka yi da azurfa da tagulla.

A tsakiyar zamanai, dukkan sojoji suna sanye da busa ƙaho, babban aikinsu shi ne aika umarni ga rundunonin sojoji. A tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe, an yi amfani da kayan aikin don jan hankalin ƴan kallo a wasannin ƙwallo da kuma lokacin hutu. Sautinsa ya sanar da mazauna birane game da zuwan muhimman mutane ko kuma bukatar taruwa a dandalin don sanar da doka.

A zamanin Baroque, lokacin da ake yin kidan ilimi na Turai ya fara. An haɗa sautin ƙaho a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa a karon farko. Duk da cewa kayan aikin ya ba da damar cire ma'aunin diatonic kawai, mawaƙa sun bayyana waɗanda suka ƙware da fasaha ta hanyar canza matsayi na lebe.

Amma a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, kayan kirtani da kayan kida sun haɓaka, kuma ƙaho, iyakance a cikin iyawar aikinsa, ya ɓace a bango a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Yana sake fara sauti da ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. A wannan lokacin, masu sana'a sun inganta ƙirar ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin bawul na bawuloli uku a ciki. Sun faɗaɗa ƙarfin kayan aiki, suna ba shi damar canza ma'auni, rage sautin ta hanyar sautin, semitone da sautin da rabi. Ƙaƙwalwar ƙaho ya sami ikon cire ma'aunin chromatic, kuma bayan yawancin gyare-gyare na na'ura, an warware matsalar ƙwarewa da canji a cikin timbre.

Tarihin kayan kiɗan tagulla na iska ya san fitattun masu busa ƙaho. Daga cikinsu akwai Maurice André, wanda aka sani da “mai ƙaho na ƙarni na 200.” Ya yi amfani da ƙaho a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan kide-kide, wanda aka koyar a Conservatory na Paris, kuma ya rubuta fiye da XNUMX fayafai. Sauran mashahuran masu busa ƙaho sun haɗa da Louis Armstrong, Freddie Hubbard, Sergey Nakaryakov, Arturo Sandoval.

Tsarin, kewayon, rajista

Babban daya a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa shine ƙaho a cikin tsarin "B-lebur" - "Do". An rubuta bayanin kula a cikin tsagewar sautin sautin da ya fi sautin gaske. A cikin ƙananan rajista, kayan aiki yana samar da sauti mai ban tsoro, a tsakiya - mai laushi (piano), mai gwagwarmaya, mai tsayi (forte). A cikin babban rajista, ƙaho yana kiran mai sauraro tare da sauti mai sauti mai haske.

A cikin rajista na tsakiya, ƙaho yana nuna damar wucewa na ban mamaki, godiya ga motsin fasaha yana ba ku damar tsara arpeggios.

A Turai da Amurka, "analogue" na wannan kayan aiki a cikin tsarin "Do" ya sami mafi girma rarraba. Mawakan Yammacin Turai suna samun fa'idodi da yawa na amfani da shi, sauƙin samar da sauti a cikin babban rajista da kuma ikon gane kewayon daga “Mi” na ƙaramin octave zuwa “C” na uku.

Irin bututu

Sauran nau'ikan bututu ba a cika amfani da su ba:

• alto - ana amfani da nau'i-nau'i don samar da sauti na ƙananan rajista, tsarin "Sol", sau da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na symphony wannan nau'in ya maye gurbin flugelhorn;
• piccolo - ingantaccen samfurin tare da ƙarin bawul, wanda aka kunna zuwa "Sol" ko "La", yana da ƙaramin bakin;
• bass - an kunna shi a cikin "C", amma yana iya yin sautin octave ƙasa da na bututu na al'ada.

A cikin kade-kade na kade-kade na zamani, ba a taba yin amfani da ƙaho na bass ba; an maye gurbinsa da trombone.

Dabarun wasa

Mai wasan kwaikwayo yana riƙe da kayan aiki tare da hannun hagu, tare da dama yana aiki akan tsarin bawul. Don koyon yadda ake wasa, kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa cirewar haɗin kai yana faruwa ne ta hanyar embouchure, wato, canje-canje a matsayi na lebe, harshe, da tsokoki na fuska. Lebe yayin hakar sauti suna samun wani tauri, zama mai tauri. A cikin tsari, mai kiɗa yana rage sauti tare da bawuloli.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa amfani da numfashi a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa akan ƙaho yana da ƙananan, kayan aiki yana ba ku damar yin fasaha daban-daban, sassa, arpeggios. Ana samun bambance-bambancen staccato masu haske a cikin rajista na tsakiya.

Masu sana'a suna amfani da na'urori na musamman da ake kira bebe kuma ana saka su cikin kararrawa. Dangane da siffar bebe, ƙaho zai yi ƙarar shuru ko ƙara. Don haka a cikin jazz, ana amfani da "naman gwari" sau da yawa, wanda ya sa sauti ya zama mai laushi, mai laushi.

Amfani da bututu

Ana amfani da babban kayan kida a cikin kiɗa don ba shi hali mai ban mamaki, don haifar da tashin hankali. Sautin yana da faɗi sosai, koda kuwa yayi shiru. Saboda haka, ƙaho a cikin abubuwan da aka tsara yana wakiltar hotuna na jaruntaka.

A zamanin yau, masu busa ƙaho na iya yin solo, ko kuma suna iya haɗa dukan ƙungiyar makaɗa. A shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar masu busa ƙaho 1166 sun yi a Oruro, Bolivia. An haɗa shi a cikin tarihin kiɗa a matsayin mafi yawa.

Ana amfani da kayan aikin a nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban. Shi memba ne na dindindin na jazz, symphony da brass band, sautinsa tabbas zai bi faretin soja.

Sanannen masu busa ƙaho

Shahararrun mawaƙa ne masu fasaha masu fasaha. Daga cikin jiga-jigan da suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu wajen tallata kayan aikin akwai Arturo Sandaval, wanda ya yi karatunsa tun yana dan shekara 12 kuma ya samu lambobin yabo na Grammy guda 10 a lokacin rayuwarsa.

Mawaƙin Amurka Clark Terry ya bar tambarinsa kan al'adun jazz. Ya yi a duk faɗin duniya, ya ba da darussa kyauta, yana da fasaha na musamman da nagarta.

A cikin 1955, an sayar da ƙaho na wani labari na jazz, Dizzy Gillepsy, a gwanjon Christie. Shahararriyar kayan aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da "Kwamitin Martin" kuma an sayar da shi akan $55.

Kowa ya san labarin wani saurayi daga dangin matalauta New York, Louis Armstrong. Makomarsa ke da wuya, tun yana matashi ya aikata laifuffuka, yayi sata kuma yana iya kashe rayuwarsa a gidan kurkuku. Amma wata rana a wurin gyara ya ji ƙaho kuma ya yi sha'awar nazarin kayan aikin. Wakokinsa na farko sune wasan kwaikwayo na titi, amma ba da jimawa ba Armstrong ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya bambanta da fasaharsa mai haske. Louis Armstrong ya ba wa duniya gadon kida na musamman na jazz.