Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus |

Stanislav Neuhaus

Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus, ɗan fitaccen mawaƙin Soviet, jama'a sun ƙaunace su sosai kuma suna son su. Babban al'adar tunani da ji yana burge shi koyaushe - komai abin da ya yi, komai yanayin da yake ciki. Akwai 'yan pianists kaɗan waɗanda za su iya yin wasa da sauri, daidai, da ban mamaki fiye da Stanislav Neuhaus, amma a cikin sharuddan wadatar zuciyoyin tunani, da gyare-gyaren gwanintar kida, ya sami 'yan kadan masu kama da kansa; An taɓa samun nasarar faɗi game da shi cewa wasansa abin koyi ne na “ɗabi’ar ɗabi’a.”

• Kiɗa na Piano a cikin shagon kan layi na Ozon →

Neuhaus ya yi sa'a: tun yana karami ya kasance yana kewaye da muhallin hankali, ya shaka iskar zane-zane mai ban sha'awa da ma'ana. Mutane masu ban sha'awa sun kasance kusa da shi koyaushe - masu fasaha, mawaƙa, marubuta. Hazakarsa ta kasance wanda zai lura, goyan baya, kai tsaye ta hanyar da ta dace.

Sau ɗaya, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyar, ya ɗauki waƙa daga Prokofiev a kan piano - ya ji daga mahaifinsa. Suka fara aiki da shi. Da farko, kakar, Olga Mikhailovna Neigauz, malamin piano mai shekaru masu yawa, ya zama malami; Daga baya ta maye gurbinta da malamin Gnessin Music School Valeria Vladimirovna Listova. Game da Listova, wanda Neuhaus ya shafe shekaru da yawa a cikin aji, daga baya ya tuna tare da girmamawa da godiya: "Ya kasance malami mai mahimmanci ... Alal misali, tun daga ƙuruciyata ba na son na'urar kwaikwayo ta yatsa - ma'auni, etudes, motsa jiki " a kan fasaha". Valeria Vladimirovna ya ga wannan kuma bai yi ƙoƙari ya canza ni ba. Ni da ita mun san kiɗa kawai - kuma yana da ban mamaki…”

Neuhaus yana karatu a Moscow Conservatory tun 1945. Duk da haka, ya shiga ajin mahaifinsa - Makka na matasan pianistic na wancan lokacin - daga baya, lokacin da ya riga ya cika shekara ta uku. Kafin wannan, Vladimir Sergeevich Belov yi aiki tare da shi.

“Da farko, mahaifina bai gaskata da gaske game da fasaha na gaba na ba. Amma, da ya dube ni sau ɗaya a ɗaya daga cikin maraice na ɗaliban, a fili ya canza ra'ayinsa - a kowane hali, ya kai ni ajinsa. Yana da ɗalibai da yawa, koyaushe yana cika makil da aikin koyarwa. Na tuna cewa dole ne in saurari wasu sau da yawa fiye da yin wasa da kaina - layin bai isa ba. Amma ta hanyar, yana da ban sha'awa sosai don sauraron: duka sababbin kiɗa da ra'ayin uba game da fassarar an gane su. Kalamansa da maganganunsa, ga duk wanda aka nusar da su, sun amfana da duka ajin.

Sau da yawa ana iya ganin Svyatoslav Richter a gidan Neuhaus. Ya kasance yana zaune a piano yana motsa jiki ba tare da barin maballin na tsawon sa'o'i ba. Stanislav Neuhaus, mashaidi kuma mai shaida ga wannan aikin, ya shiga cikin irin makarantar piano: yana da wuya a yi fatan samun mafi kyau. Azuzuwan Richter ya tuna da shi har abada: "Svyatoslav Teofilovich ya buge da jajircewar aiki. Zan iya cewa, rashin mutuntaka. Idan wurin bai yi masa aiki ba, sai ya faɗo a kansa da dukan ƙarfinsa da sha'awarsa, har daga ƙarshe, ya shawo kan wahala. Ga waɗanda suka kalle shi daga gefe, wannan koyaushe yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi… ”…

A cikin shekarun 1950, mahaifin Neuhaus da ɗansa sukan yi tare a matsayin duet na piano. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon su mutum zai iya jin sonata na Mozart a cikin D manyan, Schumann's Andante tare da bambance-bambance, Debussy's "White and Black", Rachmaninov's suites ... uba. Tun lokacin da ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory (1953), kuma daga baya karatun digiri na biyu (XNUMX), Stanislav Neuhaus ya kafa kansa a hankali a cikin wani wuri mai mahimmanci a tsakanin 'yan pianists na Soviet. Tare da shi sun hadu bayan masu sauraron gida da na waje.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, Neuhaus yana kusa da da'irori na masu fasaha tun lokacin yaro; ya shafe shekaru da yawa a cikin iyali na fitaccen mawaki Boris Pasternak. Wakoki sun taso a kusa da shi. Pasternak kansa son karanta su, kuma baƙi, Anna Akhmatova da sauransu, kuma karanta su. Watakila yanayin da Stanislav Neuhaus ya rayu, ko kuma wasu abubuwan da suka dace, "m" dukiya na halinsa, sun yi tasiri - a kowane hali, lokacin da ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, jama'a sun gane shi nan da nan. Game da wannan, kuma ba marubuci ba, wanda ko da yaushe akwai da yawa a cikin abokan aikinsa. ("Na saurari shayari tun lokacin yaro. Wataƙila, a matsayin mai kida, ya ba ni da yawa ...," in ji shi.) Yanayin ɗakin ajiyarsa - da hankali, mai juyayi, na ruhaniya - mafi sau da yawa kusa da kiɗa na Chopin, Scriabin. Neuhaus ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Chopinists a ƙasarmu. Kuma kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da shi daidai, ɗaya daga cikin masu fassarar Scriabin da aka haifa.

Yawancin lokaci yana samun lada da yabo mai ɗumi don wasa Barcarolle, Fantasia, waltzes, nocturnes, mazurkas, Chopin ballads. Scriabin's sonatas da lyrical miniatures - "Fragility", "Desire", "Riddle", "Weasel a cikin Dance", preludes daga daban-daban opuses, ya ji dadin babban nasara a maraice. "Saboda wakar gaskiya ce" (Andronikov I. Zuwa kiɗa. - M., 1975. P. 258.), - kamar yadda Irakli Andronikov ya yi daidai a cikin rubutun "Neigauz Again". Neuhaus mai yin kide-kide yana da inganci guda ɗaya wanda ya sanya shi kyakkyawan fassarar ainihin waƙar da aka ambata. Quality, ainihin abin da ya sami mafi daidaitattun magana a cikin kalmar yin kida.

Yayin wasa, Neuhaus ya zama kamar yana ingantawa: mai sauraro ya ji motsin rai na tunanin kiɗan mai wasan kwaikwayo, ba takura ta clichés - bambancinsa, ban sha'awa rashin tsammanin kusurwoyi da juyi. Pianist, alal misali, sau da yawa yakan ɗauki mataki tare da Scriabin's Fifth Sonata, tare da etudes (Op. 8 da 42) na marubuci iri ɗaya, tare da ballads na Chopin - duk lokacin da waɗannan ayyukan sun bambanta ko ta yaya, a sabuwar hanya ... Ya san yadda yin wasa rashin daidaito, ƙetare stencil, kunna kiɗa a la impromptu - menene zai fi kyau a cikin taron? An fada a sama cewa a cikin wannan hanya, kyauta da ingantawa, VV Sofronitsky, wanda ya mutunta shi sosai, ya buga kiɗa a kan mataki; Mahaifinsa ya taka rawa a cikin jijiya iri ɗaya. Wataƙila zai yi wahala a ambaci sunan pianist kusa da waɗannan masters dangane da aikin fiye da Neuhaus Jr.

An ce a cikin shafukan da suka gabata cewa salon ingantawa, ga duk abin da ya dace, yana cike da wasu haɗari. Tare da nasarorin ƙirƙira, ɓarna kuma yana yiwuwa a nan: abin da ya fito jiya ba zai yi aiki ba a yau. Neuhaus - abin da za a boye? - ya gamsu (fiye da sau ɗaya) na fickleness na fasaha na fasaha, ya saba da haushin gazawar mataki. Mazaunan ɗakunan kide-kide suna tunawa da wahala, kusan yanayi na gaggawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayonsa - lokacin da aka fara keta ainihin dokar wasan kwaikwayon, wanda Bach ya tsara: don yin wasa da kyau, kuna buƙatar danna maɓallin dama tare da yatsan dama a hannun dama. daidai lokacin… Wannan ya faru da Neuhaus kuma a cikin Chopin's Ashirin da huɗu Etude , kuma a cikin Scriabin's C-kaifi qananan (Op. 42) etude, da Rachmaninov's G-minor (Op. 23) prelude. Ba a lasafta shi a matsayin mai ƙarfi, barga mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ba, amma - shin ba abin mamaki ba ne? - raunin fasaha na Neuhaus a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, "rashin lafiyarsa" yana da nasa fara'a, nasa fara'a: kawai mai rai ne mai rauni. Akwai 'yan wasan pian da suke kafa ginshiƙan kiɗan da ba za su lalace ba har ma a cikin mazurkas na Chopin; lokutan sonic masu rauni na Scriabin ko Debussy - kuma suna taurare a ƙarƙashin yatsunsu kamar ƙarfafan kankare. Wasan Neuhaus ya kasance misali na ainihin akasin haka. Wataƙila, a wasu hanyoyi ya yi hasara (ya sha wahala "asara ta fasaha", a cikin harshen masu dubawa), amma ya ci nasara, kuma a cikin mahimmanci. (Na tuna cewa a cikin tattaunawa tsakanin mawaƙan Moscow, ɗayansu ya ce, "Dole ne ku yarda, Neuhaus ya san yadda ake wasa kadan ..." Kadan? 'yan san yadda ake yin shi a piano. abin da zai iya yi. Kuma wannan shine babban abin…”.

An san Neuhaus ba kawai ga clavirabends ba. A matsayinsa na malami, ya taba taimaka wa mahaifinsa, tun farkon shekaru sittin ya zama shugaban ajinsa a makarantar conservatory. (Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai V. Krainev, V. Kastelsky, B. Angerer.) Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yakan yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don aikin koyarwa, ya gudanar da abin da ake kira taron karawa juna sani na duniya a Italiya da Ostiriya. "Yawanci waɗannan tafiye-tafiye suna faruwa a cikin watannin bazara," in ji shi. “Wani wuri, a ɗaya daga cikin biranen Turai, matasa ’yan pian na ƙasashe daban-daban suna taruwa. Na zaɓi ƙaramin rukuni, kusan mutane takwas ko goma, daga waɗanda suke ganin sun cancanci kulawa, na fara nazari da su. Sauran suna nan kawai, suna kallon tsarin darasi tare da bayanin kula a hannunsu, suna tafiya, kamar yadda za mu ce, aiki mai wuyar gaske.

Da zarar wani daga cikin masu suka ya tambaye shi game da halinsa na koyarwa. "Ina son koyarwa," Neuhaus ya amsa. “Ina son kasancewa cikin matasa. Ko da yake ... Dole ne ku ba da ƙarfi mai yawa, jijiyoyi, ƙarfi wani lokaci. Ka ga, ba zan iya sauraron “marasa kida” a cikin aji ba. Ina ƙoƙarin cimma wani abu, cim ma… Wani lokaci ba zai yiwu ba tare da wannan ɗalibin. Gabaɗaya, koyarwa ita ce ƙauna mai wuyar gaske. Duk da haka, ina so a fara jin ɗan wasan kide kide da wake-wake."

Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Neuhaus, tsarinsa na musamman don fassarar ayyukan kiɗa, shekaru masu yawa na kwarewa - duk wannan yana da daraja, kuma mai girma, ga matasa masu fasaha a kusa da shi. Yana da abubuwa da yawa da zai koya, da yawa ya koya. Wataƙila, da farko, a cikin fasahar piano sauti. Wani fasaha wanda ya san 'yan kaɗan.

Shi da kansa, lokacin da yake kan mataki, yana da sautin piano mai ban sha'awa: wannan shi ne kusan mafi girman gefen aikinsa; babu inda basaraken yanayin fasaharsa ya zo haske da irin wannan bayyananniyar kamar a cikin sauti. Kuma ba kawai a cikin ɓangaren "zinariya" na repertoire ba - Chopin da Scriabin, inda mutum ba zai iya yin ba tare da ikon zaɓar kayan sauti mai kyau ba - har ma a cikin kowane kiɗan da ya fassara. Bari mu tuna, alal misali, fassararsa na Rachmaninoff's E-flat major (Op. 23) ko F-minor (Op. 32) preludes, Debussy's piano watercolors, wasan kwaikwayo na Schubert da sauran marubuta. A ko'ina wasan pianist yana burgewa da kyakykyawan sautin kayan aiki, taushi, yanayin wasan kwaikwayon kusan mara nauyi, da launi mai laushi. Duk inda kuke gani m (ba za ku iya cewa in ba haka ba) hali ga madannai: kawai waɗanda suke son piano da gaske, muryarta ta asali da ta musamman, suna kunna kiɗa ta wannan hanya. Akwai 'yan pian kaɗan waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawar al'adar sauti a cikin wasan kwaikwayo; akwai kaɗan daga cikin waɗanda ke sauraron kayan aikin da kanta. Kuma babu masu fasaha da yawa masu launin timbre na sautin da ke tattare da su kaɗai. (Bayan haka, Piano Masters - kuma kawai su! - suna da palette na sauti daban-daban, kamar yadda haske daban-daban, launi da launi na manyan masu zane-zane.) Neuhaus yana da nasa, piano na musamman, ba zai iya rikicewa da wani ba.

… Wani lokaci ana ganin wani hoto mai cike da ruɗani a zauren kide-kide: ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa a gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a zamaninsa, yana samun masu sauraro da wahala; a wajen wasan kwaikwayo na ɗayan, wanda ke da ƙarancin kayan ado, bambanci da lakabi, zauren yana cike da kullun. (Sun ce gaskiya ne: gasa suna da nasu dokokin, masu sauraron kide-kide suna da nasu.) Neuhaus bai sami damar cin gasa tare da abokan aikinsa ba. Duk da haka, wurin da ya shagaltar da shi a cikin rayuwar philharmonic ya ba shi fa'ida a bayyane fiye da gogaggun mayaka masu yawa. Ya shahara a ko'ina, tikiti na clavirabends na wani lokaci ana tambayarsa ko da a kan hanyoyin nesa zuwa zauren da ya yi. Ya sami abin da kowane ɗan yawon shakatawa ke mafarkin: masu sauraron sa. Da alama cewa ban da halaye da aka riga aka ambata - na musamman lyricism, fara'a, da hankali na Neuhaus a matsayin mawaƙi - wani abu da kansa ya sa da kansa ji da ya sa mutane su ji tausayinsa. Shi, gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu a yi hukunci daga waje, bai damu da neman nasara ba…

Mai sauraro mai mahimmanci nan da nan ya gane wannan (daɗin mai zane, matakin altruism) - kamar yadda suka gane, kuma nan da nan, duk wani bayyanar da banza, matsayi, mataki na nuna kai. Neuhaus bai yi ƙoƙari ko ta yaya don faranta wa jama'a rai ba. (I. Andronikov ya rubuta da kyau: "A cikin babban zauren, Stanislav Neuhaus ya zauna kamar shi kadai tare da kayan aiki da kiɗa. Kamar dai babu kowa a cikin zauren. Kuma ya buga Chopin kamar kansa. Kamar yadda nasa. na sirri sosai ”… (Andronikov I. Zuwa kiɗa. S. 258)) Wannan ba mai ladabi coquetry ko ƙwararriyar liyafar ba - wannan dukiya ce ta yanayinsa, halinsa. Wataƙila wannan shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya shahara da masu sauraro. "... Idan aka rage wa wasu mutane, wasu suna sha'awar mutum," in ji babban masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Stanislavsky, yana mai cewa "da zarar dan wasan kwaikwayo ya daina yin la'akari da taron jama'a a zauren, ta da kanta ta fara isa gareshi (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch. T. 5. S. 496. T. 1. S. 301-302.). Abin sha'awar kiɗa, kuma kawai ta shi, Neuhaus ba shi da lokaci don damuwa game da nasara. Da gaskiya ya zo masa.

G. Tsipin