Tsare-tsare |

Faranshi ya mamaye, daga lat. apertura - budewa, farawa

Gabatarwar kayan aiki zuwa wasan kwaikwayo tare da kiɗa (opera, ballet, operetta, wasan kwaikwayo), zuwa aikin kayan aiki na murya kamar cantata da oratori, ko zuwa jerin kayan aiki kamar suite, a cikin karni na 20. Hakanan don fina-finai. Wani nau'i na musamman na U. - conc. wasa mai wasu abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo. samfur. Nau'in asali guda biyu U. - wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke da gabatarwa. aiki, kuma masu zaman kansu. samfur. tare da ma'anar siffa da ƙira. Kaddarorin-suna hulɗa a cikin tsarin haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan (farawa daga ƙarni na 19). Siffar gama gari ita ce fitacciyar wasan kwaikwayo ko žasa. yanayin U., "haɗuwa da mafi kyawun fasalin fasalin shirin a cikin mafi kyawun nau'in su" (BV Asafiev, Zaɓaɓɓen Ayyuka, juzu'i 1, shafi na 352).

Tarihin U. ya koma farkon matakan ci gaban opera (Italiya, juzu'in ƙarni na 16-17), kodayake kalmar kanta an kafa ta a cikin rabin na biyu. Karni na 2 a Faransa sannan ya yadu sosai. Toccata a cikin opera Orfeo na Monteverdi (17) ana ɗaukarsa shine farkon. Waƙar fanfare ta nuna tsohuwar al'adar buɗe wasan kwaikwayo tare da gayyata fanfares. Daga baya Italiyanci. gabatarwar opera, wanda jerin sassan 1607 ne - sauri, jinkirin da sauri, a ƙarƙashin sunan. "Symphonies" (sinfonia) an gyara su a cikin operas na makarantar opera na Neapolitan (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Matsanancin sassan sau da yawa sun haɗa da gine-ginen fugue, amma na uku ya fi sau da yawa yana da nau'in rawa na cikin gida. hali, yayin da tsakiyar daya aka bambanta da melodiousness, lyricism. Yana da al'ada don kiran irin waɗannan operatic symphonies Italian U. A cikin layi daya, wani nau'in nau'i na 3-part U. ya haɓaka a Faransanci, classic. JB Lully ne ya kirkiro samfuran yanke. Ga Faransanci U. yawanci ana biye da shi a hankali, gabatarwa mai kyau, ɓangaren fugue mai sauri, da jinkirin gini na ƙarshe, a taƙaice maimaitu kayan gabatarwar ko kama da halinsa gabaɗaya. A wasu samfurori na baya, an cire sashin ƙarshe, an maye gurbin shi da ginin cadenza a hankali. Baya ga mawaƙan Faransanci, nau'in Faransanci. W. yayi amfani da shi. mawakan bene na daya. Karni na 3 (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann da sauransu), tsammanin tare da shi ba kawai operas, cantatas da oratorios ba, har ma da instr. suites (a cikin akwati na ƙarshe, sunan U. wani lokacin yana ƙara zuwa dukan zagayowar suite). Wasan opera U. ya ci gaba da jagorantar jagorancin, ma'anar ayyukan taro ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna. Wasu kiɗa. Figures (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) ya gabatar da bukatar alakar akida da kade-kade tsakanin opera da opera; a cikin sashen A wasu lokuta, mawaƙa sun yi irin wannan haɗin a cikin kayan aikin su (Handel, musamman JF Rameau). Madaidaicin juzu'in ci gaban U. ya zo a bene na 1. Karni na 18 godiya ga amincewar sonata-symphony. ka'idojin ci gaba, da kuma ayyukan sake fasalin KV Gluck, wanda ya fassara U. a matsayin "shiga. bitar abubuwan da ke cikin opera. Cyclic. nau'in ya ba da hanya zuwa kashi ɗaya na U. a cikin sigar sonata (wani lokaci tare da ɗan gajeren gabatarwar jinkiri), wanda gabaɗaya yana isar da babban sautin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma halayen babban. rikici ("Alceste" na Gluck), wanda a cikin sashen. An daidaita lokuta ta hanyar amfani da kiɗa a cikin U. daidai. operas ("Iphigenia a Aulis" na Gluck, "The Sace daga Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" na Mozart). Yana nufin Mawakan zamanin Bahar Rum na Faransa sun ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɓaka wasan opera. juyin juya hali, da farko L. Cherubini.

Banda Ayyukan L. Beethoven sun taka rawa wajen haɓaka nau'in wu. Ƙarfafa jigon kida. dangane da opera a cikin 2 daga cikin mafi kyawun nau'ikan W. zuwa "Fidelio", ya nuna a cikin muses. haɓaka mafi mahimmancin lokuta na wasan kwaikwayo (mafi sauƙi a cikin Leonora No. 2, la'akari da ƙayyadaddun nau'i na nau'i na symphonic - a Leonora No. 3). Irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo na jarumtaka. Beethoven ya gyara tsarin shirin a cikin kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo (Coriolanus, Egmont). Mawakan Romantic na Jamusanci, masu haɓaka al'adun Beethoven, sun cika W. tare da jigogi na operatic. Lokacin zabar U. mafi mahimmancin muses. hotuna na opera (sau da yawa - leitmotifs) kuma daidai da kariyar sa. Yayin da gabaɗayan shirin shirin wasan opera ke haɓaka, W. ya zama ɗan ƙaramin “wasan kwaikwayo na kayan aiki” (misali, W. zuwa operas The Free Gunner ta Weber, The Flying Dutchman, da Tannhäuser na Wagner). A cikin Italiyanci. kiɗa, gami da na G. Rossini, yana riƙe da tsohon nau'in U. - ba tare da kai tsaye ba. haɗi tare da jigogi da ci gaban makirci na opera; Banda shi ne abun da ke tattare da wasan opera na Rossini William Tell (1829), tare da abun da ke tattare da shi guda daya da kuma juzu'i na muhimman lokutan kida na opera.

Nasarar Turai. Waƙar Symphony gabaɗaya kuma, musamman, haɓakar 'yancin kai da cikar ra'ayi na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo sun ba da gudummawa ga fitowar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun ba da gudummawa ga fitowar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kiɗan kiɗan gabaɗaya da kuma, musamman, haɓakar 'yancin kai da cikakkiyar ra'ayi na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na musamman, shirin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo (muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari ya kasance ta ayyukan H. Berlioz da F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). A cikin sonata nau'i na irin wannan U., akwai alama mai ra'ayi zuwa tsawaita waƙa. ci gaba (wato waqoqin wasan kwaikwayo a baya ana rubuta su a cikin nau'in sonata ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba), wanda daga baya ya haifar da fitowar nau'in waƙar waƙa a cikin aikin F. Liszt; daga baya ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin B. Smetana, R. Strauss, da sauransu. A cikin karni na 19. U. na yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi yana samun karɓuwa - "mai girma", "maraba", "bikin cikawa" (ɗayan misalan farko shine "Ranar Suna" na Beethoven, 1815). Genre U. shine mafi mahimmancin tushen kade-kade a cikin Rashanci. kiɗa zuwa MI Glinka (a cikin karni na 18, overtures ta DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, a farkon karni na 19 - ta OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Taimako mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban decomp. nau'ikan U. an gabatar da su ta hanyar MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, da sauransu, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri nau'in halayen ƙasa na musamman U., galibi suna amfani da jigogi na jama'a (misali, Glinka's “Spanish” overtures, “Overture on the themes of uku Rasha songs" Balakirev da sauransu). Wannan iri-iri yana ci gaba da haɓakawa a cikin aikin mawaƙan Soviet.

A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 Mawaƙa sun juya zuwa nau'in W. ƙasa da yawa. A cikin wasan opera, a hankali ana maye gurbinsa da gajeriyar gabatarwa ba bisa ƙa'idodin sonata ba. Yawancin lokaci ana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin hali ɗaya, wanda ke da alaƙa da hoton ɗayan jarumai na opera ("Lohengrin" na Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" na Tchaikovsky) ko kuma, a cikin tsarin bayyanawa kawai, yana gabatar da hotuna da yawa ("Carmen") da Wiese); Ana lura da irin wannan abubuwan a cikin ballets (Coppelia ta Delibes, Swan Lake ta Tchaikovsky). Shiga motsi a cikin opera da ballet na wannan lokacin ana kiran su gabatarwa, gabatarwa, gabatarwa, da dai sauransu. Tunanin shirya don fahimtar wasan opera ya maye gurbin ra'ayin wasan kwaikwayo. sake ba da labarin abubuwan da ke cikinsa, R. Wagner ya maimaita rubuta game da wannan, a hankali ya tashi a cikin aikinsa daga ka'idar tsawaita shirye-shirye U. Duk da haka, tare da gajeriyar gabatarwa ta otd. m misalai na sonata U. ci gaba da bayyana a cikin muses. gidan wasan kwaikwayo bene na 2. Karni na 19 ("The Nuremberg Meistersingers" na Wagner, "Force of Destiny" na Verdi, "Pskovite" na Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" na Borodin). Bisa ga dokokin sonata nau'i, W. ya juya zuwa wani fiye ko žasa free fantasy a kan jigogi na opera, wani lokacin kamar potpourri (na karshen ne mafi hali na wani operetta; da classic misali ne Strauss' Die Fledermaus). Wani lokaci akwai U. akan masu zaman kansu. kayan wasan kwaikwayo (ballet "The Nutcracker" na Tchaikovsky). A conc. mataki U. yana ƙara ba da hanya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo. waka, hoto mai ban sha'awa ko fantasy, amma ko da a nan takamaiman fasali na ra'ayin wani lokaci suna kawo rayuwa kusa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. irin nau'in W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo da Juliet da Tchaikovsky's Hamlet).

A cikin karni na 20 U. a sonata nau'i ne rare (misali, J. Barber ta overture zuwa Sheridan ta "School of Scandal"). Conc. iri, duk da haka, suna ci gaba da yin nauyi zuwa sonata. Daga cikin su, mafi yawan su ne nat.-halaye. (a kan jigogi na jama'a) da kuma U. (samfurin na karshen shine Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, "NZfM", 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (Fassarar Rasha - Thematism (Thematismus) na overture ga opera "Leonora". juzu'i na 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, iri ɗaya, a cikin littafin: Serov AN, Abubuwan da aka zaɓa, juzu'i na 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan da Lyudmila" na Glinka, a cikin littafin: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, guda, a cikin littafin: Asafiev BV, Izbr. aiki, vol. 1, M., 1952; nasa, A kan Faransanci na gargajiya da kuma musamman a kan abubuwan da suka faru na Cherubini, a cikin littafin: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, iri ɗaya, a cikin littafin: Asafiev BV, Izbr. aiki, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures na R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Overtures da gabatarwa ga Rimsky-Korsakov's operas, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 iri daya, a cikin littafin: Richard Wagner, Articles and Materials, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis