Tarihin Lutes

Lutu – wani kida kide kide kide kide kide kide kide tare da frets a wuyansa da kuma wani siffar pear.

Tarihin abin da ya faru

Lutu na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kayan kida, waɗanda ba a san ainihin kwanan wata da wurin bayyanar su ba. Zane na farko akan kwamfutar hannu na yumbu, mai kama da lute, an yi kwanan watan zuwa tsakiyar karni na biyu BC. Binciken binciken kayan tarihi ya shaida yadda aka yi amfani da wannan kayan aiki a Bulgaria, Masar, Girka da kuma Roma.

Godiya ga Bulgarians, ɗan gajeren wuyansa lute ya zama sananne a cikin Balkans. A cikin karni na XNUMX ya yadu a cikin kasashen Asiya, musamman a Farisa da Byzantium, kuma a cikin karni na XNUMX Moors ya kawo shi Spain. Ba da daɗewa ba kayan aiki ya zama sananne a ko'ina. A cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth an buga shi a Italiya, Portugal da Jamus.

Appearance

Yayin da kayan aikin ke yaɗuwa, kamanni da fasaha na kunna shi sun canza, amma abubuwan gama gari sun kasance. Ana amfani da itace don yin ulu. Allon sauti yana da siffar m, wanda aka yi da itace na bakin ciki, sau da yawa spruce, yana da furen fure guda ɗaya ko sau uku maimakon rami mai sauti. An yi jiki da katako: ceri, maple, rosewood. A cikin kera wuyan lute, ana amfani da bishiyar haske. Babban bambanci tsakanin lute da sauran kayan kirtani shine cewa wuyansa baya rataye akan allon sauti, amma an sanya shi a kan matakin daidai da shi.

Tashi cikin farin jini na lute

A tsakiyar zamanai, kayan aikin yana da igiyoyi 4 ko 5 da aka haɗa su. An buga shi da plexrum. Girman ya kasance mafi bambanta. Mawakan sun yi amfani da lungu da sako don rakiyar su, wanda galibi an inganta su. Lokaci ya bar alamarsa akan adadin kirtani. A ƙarshen Renaissance, akwai igiyoyi guda goma da aka haɗa, kuma mawaƙa na baroque sun riga sun yi wasa a kan goma sha huɗu. Akwai kayan kida masu kirtani goma sha tara.

Karni na XNUMX ya zama zinari ga lute. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan kiɗan da aka fi yaɗu a Turai. A cikin zane-zane da yawa na wancan lokacin, masu zane-zane sun nuna yadda mutane suke wasa. Dabarar wasan kuma ta canza. A matsayinka na mai mulki, an yi amfani da matsakanci da yatsa don kunna shi.

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, bayan watsi da plait, adadin 'yan wasan lute ya karu. An rubuta sama da guda 400 a Turai don wannan kayan kida. Francesco Spinacino ya ba da gudummawa mafi mahimmanci. Haɓaka damar bayyanawa, godiya ga ayyukan John Dowland.

A lokuta daban-daban, mawaƙa irin su Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Vincento Capirola, Karl Kohout da sauransu da yawa sun rubuta ayyukansu na lute. Mawaƙa na zamani - Vladimir Vavilov, Toekiko Sato, Maxim Zvonarev, David Nepomuk, an san su da ayyukansu.

Wurin lute a cikin karni na XNUMX

A cikin karni na 1970, an kusan manta da lute. Kadan daga cikin nau'ikansa ne suka rage a cikin Jamus, Ukraine da a cikin ƙasashen Scandinavian Peninsula. A cikin karni na XNUMX, mawaƙa da yawa daga Ingila sun yanke shawarar dawo da shaharar lute da ta ɓace. Masanin Luten ɗan Burtaniya kuma masanin kiɗa Arnold Domech ya sami nasara musamman a wannan. Tuni tun XNUMX, masu yin solo da ƙungiyoyin kade-kade sun fara haɗawa da wasan lute a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo. Lucas Harris, Istvan Shabo, Wendy Gillepsy sun yi amfani da ayyuka daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Baroque.