Chromatism |

Girkanci xromatismos - canza launi, daga xroma - launin fata, launi, fenti; xromatikon - chromatic, ma'ana genos - jinsi

Tsarin Halftone (bisa ga A. Webern, chromatism shine "motsi a cikin rabin sautin"). Chromatisms sun haɗa da tsarin tazara iri biyu - tsohuwar Girkanci "chroma" da chromatism na Turai.

1) "Chrome" - daya daga cikin manyan uku. "iri" na tetrachord (ko "irin waƙa") tare da "diatone" da "enarmony" (duba kiɗan Girkanci). Tare da haɓakawa (kuma ya bambanta da diatone) na chromium, ana siffanta shi da gaskiyar cewa jimlar ƙananan tazarar biyu bai kai darajar ta uku ba. Ana kiran irin wannan "gungu" na kunkuntar tazara. pykn (Pyknon Girkanci, haruffa - cunkoso, sau da yawa). Ya bambanta da enharmonics, mafi ƙarancin tazara na chroma sune semitones, misali: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Daga mahangar kiɗan zamani ka'idodin Girkanci. chroma da gaske yayi daidai da ma'auni tare da SW. na biyu (a cikin octave frets - tare da daƙiƙa biyu na haɓakawa, kamar a cikin Aria na Sarauniya Shemakhan daga wasan opera na biyu The Golden Cockerel na Rimsky-Korsakov) kuma yana kusa da diatonic fiye da chromatic. Masana ka'idar Girka kuma sun bambanta a cikin “haihuwa” “launuka” (xroai), bambance-bambancen tazara na tetrachords na wata halitta. A cewar Aristoxenus, chrome yana da "launuka" guda uku (iri): sautin (a cikin cents: 300 + 100 + 100), daya da rabi (350 + 75 + 75) da taushi (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. An tsinkayi jinsi a matsayin mai launi (a fili, saboda haka sunan). A lokaci guda, an kwatanta ta a matsayin mai ladabi, "coddled". Tare da farkon zamanin Kirista, chromatic. An yi Allah wadai da wakokin da ba su gamsar da ɗa'a ba. bukatun (Clement na Alexandria). In Nar. kiɗan Gabas yana jin daɗi tare da uv. daƙiƙa (hemiolic) sun riƙe kimarsu a ƙarni na 20. (Inji Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). A cikin sabon melodic na Turai X. yana da asali daban-daban kuma, bisa ga haka, yanayi daban.

2) Sabuwar ra'ayi na X. yana ƙaddamar da kasancewar diatonicism a matsayin tushe, wanda X. "launuka" (ma'anar chroma, launi a Marchetto na Padua; duba Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, shafi na 74B) . X. ana fassara shi azaman Layer na tsari mai tsayi, yana tsiro daga tushen diatonic (ka'idar canzawa; kwatanta tare da ra'ayin matakan tsarin G. Schenker). Ya bambanta da Girkanci, sabon ra'ayi na X. yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin 6 sautuna (matakai na melodic) a cikin tetrachord ( Helenawa ko da yaushe suna da hudu daga cikinsu; ra'ayin Aristoxenus na tetrachord mai kama da juna na semitone. Tsarin ya kasance tsayayyen ka'idar) da sautuna 12 a cikin kowane octave. Waƙar diatonicism na "Nordic" tana nunawa a cikin fassarar X. a matsayin "matsi" na diatonic. abubuwa, "zubawa" a cikin tushen diatonic. jeri na biyu (diatonic cikin kanta) Layer a matsayin X. Saboda haka ka'idar chromatic systematics. al'amura, da aka tsara domin su girma yawa, daga mafi rarefied chromaticity zuwa musamman m (A. Webern ta hemitonics). X. an kasu kashi-kashi zuwa karin waƙa. da ƙwanƙwasa (misali, maɗaukaki na iya zama diatonic zalla, kuma waƙar na iya zama chromatic, kamar yadda a cikin Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (wanda ke nuni zuwa ga sautunan tonic. ., a farkon bambance-bambancen na 1st). na kashi na 2 na sonata na 32 na L. Beethoven don piano.). Siffofin manyan abubuwan mamaki X.:

Modulation X. an kafa shi ne sakamakon taƙaitaccen diatonic guda biyu, an katse su ta hanyar sanya su zuwa sassa daban-daban na abun da ke ciki (L. Beethoven, ƙarshe na 9th piano sonata, babban jigo da miƙa mulki; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed). Shafuka" na piano, No 7, kuma gauraye da sauran nau'in X.); chromatic sautunan suna cikin tsarin daban-daban kuma suna iya zama nesa. Subsystem X. (a cikin karkatattun; duba Tsarin Mulki) yana wakiltar sautunan chromatic. dangantaka tsakanin tsarin iri ɗaya (JS Bach, jigon h-moll fugue daga ƙarar 1st na Clavier mai tsananin zafin rai), wanda ke ƙara girman X.

Sautin gubar X. yana fitowa daga gabatarwar sautunan buɗewa zuwa kowane sauti ko laka, ba tare da lokacin canzawa ba azaman motsi zuwa uv. Zan yarda (ƙananan masu jituwa; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, 1st part na 6th symphony, farkon jigo na sakandare; abin da ake kira "Mafi rinjaye Prokofiev"). Canjin X. yana da alaƙa da sifa. Lokaci shine gyara na diatonic. kashi (sauti, ƙwanƙwasa) ta hanyar matakan chromatic. semitone - uv. Zan karba, a bayyane da aka gabatar (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, motsi na 4, sanduna 56-57) ko ma'ana (AN Scriabin, Poem for piano op. 32 No 2, sanduna 1-2).

Mixed X. ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i ko lokaci guda haɗuwa da abubuwa na modal, kowannensu yana cikin nau'ikan diatonic daban-daban (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st motsi, mashaya 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", motsi na 1-th, sanduna 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 don pianoforte, 1st motsi, mashaya 1; DD Shostakovich, 7th symphony, 1st motsi, lambobi 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", Orchestral gabatarwa ga Dokar II; m. frets na iya zuwa kusa da na halitta X.). Halitta X. ("kwayoyin chromaticity" bisa ga A. Pusseru) ba shi da diatonic. tushen tushe (O. Messiaen, "20 views..." don piano, No 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st movement; A. Webern, Bagatelli don piano, op. 9).

Ka'idar X. a Girkanci. masu tunani sun kasance bayanin tazarar chromatic. warware ta hanyar lissafin lissafi. dangantaka tsakanin sautin tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Bayyana. Halin ("ethos") na chroma a matsayin nau'i mai laushi, mai ladabi, Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer ya bayyana. Gabaɗaya na zamanin da. Ka'idar X. da wurin farawa don zamanai na tsakiya. Masu ilimin tauhidi sun kasance gabatar da bayanai game da X., na Boethius (farkon karni na 6 AD). Abubuwan al'ajabi na sabon (sautin gabatarwa, transpositional) X., wanda ya tashi kusan. Karni na 13, da farko sun yi kama da sabon abu har an sanya su a matsayin kiɗan “kuskure” (musica ficta), “fictional”, “ƙarya” kiɗan (musica falsa). Ƙirƙirar sababbin sautunan chromatic (daga gefen lebur da kaifi), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis ya zo da ra'ayin ma'aunin sautin mataki 17:

Semitone na “artificial” na ƙaramar sikelin ya kasance tabbataccen gadon “kiɗan ficta”.

A kan hanyar zuwa bambance-bambancen anharmonic. darajar sautin cikin con. Karni na 16 daga ka'idar X. microchromatics mai rassa. Daga ka'idar karni na 17 X. yana tasowa daidai da koyarwar jituwa (kuma bass na gabaɗaya). Modulation da subsystem X. ana bi da su da farko. a matsayin transpositional transference na dangantakar cibiyar. Kwayoyin ladotonality zuwa cikin ƙasa da na gefe.

References: 1) Ba a san shi ba, Gabatarwa zuwa Harmonics, Bita na Falsafa, 1894, juzu'i. 7, littafi. 1-2; Petr VI, A kan abubuwan ƙirƙira, tsari da yanayi a cikin tsohuwar kiɗan Girka, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Waƙar Jama'ar Larabci ta Zamani, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und mutu griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov